Local Self-Government: Rural Local Institutions

Local self-government, primarily through Panchayats in rural areas, empowers communities by bringing governance closer to the people. It fosters grassroots democracy, allowing direct participation in decision-making and serving as a training ground for future leaders. This system ensures efficient local problem-solving, reduces the burden on higher levels of government, and enhances accountability.

India’s rural local self-government operates on a three-tier Panchayati Raj system, constitutionally mandated by the 73rd Amendment Act (1992):

• Gram Panchayat (Village Level): The foundational tier, consisting of a directly elected Sarpanch and Panches. The Gram Sabha, comprising all adult villagers, acts as its deliberative body. Its functions range from providing basic amenities like water and sanitation to promoting agriculture and rural industries, funded by local taxes and government grants.
• Panchayat Samiti / Janpad Panchayat (Block Level): Formed by grouping several Gram Panchayats, it supervises and coordinates their work, implements block-level development schemes, and links the Gram Panchayats to the Zila Parishad.
• Zila Parishad (District Level): The highest tier, overseeing and coordinating Panchayat Samitis, preparing district development plans, and advising the State Government on rural development. Its income primarily comes from state grants and a share of land revenue.

Additionally, Nyaya Panchayats offer quick, inexpensive justice for minor cases at the village level, imposing small fines but not imprisonment, and generally disallowing lawyers.

Key features of the post-73rd Amendment Panchayati Raj system include its constitutional status, mandated regular five-year elections, reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and women (at least one-third), and the establishment of independent State Election Commissions and State Finance Commissions to ensure fair elections and financial stability. This comprehensive framework strengthens democracy by ensuring direct public participation and promoting local development.

EXERCISES

Question 1.
What is meant by Local Self-Government?
Ans:

Local Self-Government refers to the governance of a specific geographical area by its own residents or elected representatives, rather than by a central authority. It involves the devolution of powers and responsibilities from the central or state government to local bodies, enabling them to make decisions and manage affairs directly relevant to their community.

Essentially, it’s about empowering people at the grassroots level to address their local needs, provide essential services, and foster community development through their own elected or appointed representatives. This includes functions like sanitation, water supply, local roads, schools, and healthcare, tailored to the specific context of the area.

Question 2.

What is the main difference between Local Self Government and Local Government ?

Ans:

The core difference lies in who holds the power and decision-making authority.

• Local Government is a broader term referring to the administration of a local area. This can involve officials appointed by a higher-level government (like state or national), or it can involve elected representatives. The key is that the authority might still largely reside with the central or state government, with the local body simply implementing their directives.
  
• Local Self-Government specifically emphasizes autonomy and direct local control. It means that the residents of a local area (like a village, town, or city) elect their own representatives who then have the power and responsibility to manage local affairs and provide essential services independently, with minimal interference from higher levels of government. It’s about democratic decentralization and empowering the local community to make decisions for itself.

Question 3.

Mention the need (any two advantages) of Local Self Government.

Ans:

Here are two significant benefits of Local Self-Government:

Fosters Community Engagement: Local self-governance decentralizes power, placing decision-making in the hands of those directly impacted. This proximity enables residents to genuinely engage in shaping policies and initiatives pertinent to their immediate environment, including essential services like waste management, water provision, and neighborhood development. Such direct involvement cultivates a sense of collective responsibility and ensures that governance genuinely reflects the community’s priorities.

Streamlined Issue Resolution: Due to their intimate understanding of local circumstances, local administrative bodies are exceptionally positioned to tackle specific community challenges. Their close connection to the populace allows for rapid identification of emerging problems and the formulation of customized interventions. This localized approach to problem-solving is often far more efficient and impactful than solutions dictated by more distant governmental tiers.

Question 4.

What is meant by the Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?

Ans:

India’s Three-Tier Panchayati Raj System: A Snapshot

India’s Panchayati Raj system is a decentralized framework for rural self-governance, designed to empower villages and foster their involvement in local development and decision-making.

Here’s a quick look at its three tiers:

• Gram Panchayat (Village Level): This is the foundational tier, where villagers directly elect representatives. It manages essential services, implements local development initiatives, and helps resolve disputes within the village.
• Panchayat Samiti (Block/Intermediate Level): Operating at the block level, this tier links Gram Panchayats to the Zila Parishad. Its role involves coordinating development programs and distributing funds across a cluster of villages.
• Zila Parishad (District Level): As the highest tier, the Zila Parishad functions at the district level. It oversees the Panchayat Samitis, crafts district-wide development strategies, and advises the state government on matters related to rural progress.

Question 5.

What is meant by the term ‘Gram Sabha’.

Ans:

A Gram Sabha is the most fundamental and largest democratic body in India’s Panchayati Raj system. It comprises all adults (18 years and above) who are registered as voters in a village or group of villages falling under a particular Gram Panchayat.

Essentially, it’s the village assembly, where all eligible citizens directly participate in discussions and decision-making regarding local governance, development plans, financial oversight of the Gram Panchayat, and other community welfare programs. It acts as a watchdog, ensuring transparency and accountability of the Gram Panchayat to the villagers.

Question 6.

Mention any two functions of a Gram Sabha.

Ans:

Here are two functions of a Gram Sabha:

1. Approving Village Development Plans and Budgets: The Gram Sabha plays a crucial role in participatory democracy by reviewing and approving the annual budget and development plans formulated by the Gram Panchayat. This ensures transparency and allows villagers to have a say in how their local resources are utilized and what development initiatives are prioritized.
   
2. Monitoring and Ensuring Accountability of the Gram Panchayat: The Gram Sabha acts as an oversight body, monitoring the work of the Gram Panchayat. It reviews the financial reports and activities of the Panchayat, holds its elected representatives accountable for their actions, and helps prevent misuse of funds or favoritism.

Question 7.

What is meant by Gram Panchayat ? Who elects the members of a Gram Panchayat?

Ans:

Within the broader Panchayati Raj framework, it operates as the primary administrative body at the village level, responsible for guiding the progress and well-being of a village or a small group of villages.

The leadership of the Gram Panchayat, comprising the Sarpanch (its elected head) and the Ward Members (or Panchs), is directly selected by the adult villagers who constitute the Gram Sabha. These elections are generally held every five years through a confidential ballot process.

Question 8.

What is the Head of a Village Panchayat called?

Ans:

Sarpanch.

Question 9.

Mention any two Civic functions of a Gram Panchayat.

Ans:

Here are two civic functions of a Gram Panchayat, explained uniquely:

1. Local Infrastructure Maintenance: A Gram Panchayat plays a crucial role in the upkeep and minor development of essential public infrastructure within its village. This includes ensuring the repair and maintenance of village roads, ensuring proper functioning of public hand pumps or borewells, maintaining cleanliness around community spaces like temples or schools, and overseeing the basic drainage systems to prevent waterlogging. They act as the primary local body responsible for the day-to-day civic amenities that directly impact the villagers’ quality of life.
   
2. Dispute Resolution and Social Harmony: Gram Panchayats often serve as an initial forum for resolving minor disputes between villagers, such as property disagreements, petty quarrels, or issues related to public resources. While they don’t hold formal judicial power, their role involves mediating these conflicts, encouraging amicable settlements, and fostering social cohesion within the community. This function helps to reduce the burden on higher judicial bodies and promotes a sense of shared responsibility and understanding among residents.

Question 10.

Mention any two Developmental functions of a Gram Panchayat.

Ans:

Here are two developmental functions of a Gram Panchayat, explained uniquely:

1. Facilitating Local Infrastructure Development: A Gram Panchayat plays a crucial role in identifying, prioritizing, and overseeing the construction and maintenance of essential public infrastructure within its village. This includes, but is not limited to, the development of local roads, drinking water schemes (like wells or borewells), sanitation facilities (such as community toilets), and minor irrigation projects. They act as the local executing body, often in collaboration with higher government tiers, to ensure that these fundamental amenities reach the villagers, directly impacting their quality of life and economic activities.
2. Promoting Socio-Economic Welfare Schemes and Awareness: Gram Panchayats are instrumental in disseminating information about and facilitating access to various government-sponsored socio-economic development programs. This involves raising awareness among villagers about schemes related to poverty alleviation, employment generation (like MGNREGA), health and nutrition (e.g., ICDS, public health initiatives), education, and agricultural support. They help identify eligible beneficiaries, assist with application processes, and monitor the implementation of these schemes at the grassroots level, thereby working towards the overall welfare and empowerment of the rural community.

Question 11.

Mention any two Regulatory or General Administrative functions of a Village Panchayat.

Ans:

Here are two regulatory or general administrative functions of a Village Panchayat, ensuring uniqueness and avoiding plagiarism:

1. Maintaining Village Records and Statistics: A Village Panchayat is responsible for keeping accurate records of births, deaths, and marriages within its jurisdiction. It also maintains essential village-level statistics, such as population data, land ownership details, and records of local assets. This function is crucial for planning, resource allocation, and maintaining a comprehensive understanding of the village’s demographics and resources.
   
2. Issuing Permissions and Licenses for Local Activities: The Panchayat grants necessary permissions and licenses for various local activities and constructions. This includes approving the construction of new houses or commercial establishments, sanctioning the digging of new wells, or issuing permits for the establishment of small-scale industries or shops within the village boundaries. This regulatory role ensures that development and commercial activities adhere to local norms, environmental considerations, and community well-being.

Question 12.

What is the function of a Nyaya Panchayat?

Ans:

A Nyaya Panchayat, or “Justice Panchayat,” serves as a local village-level dispute resolution system within India’s Panchayati Raj framework. Its core purpose is to offer accessible and affordable justice to rural communities, circumventing the complexities and costs of formal courts.

These bodies handle minor civil and criminal cases, such as small property disputes, petty theft, or public nuisance, while actively promoting conciliation to foster amicable settlements. By resolving these smaller issues locally, Nyaya Panchayats reduce the burden on formal courts. Their decisions often incorporate local customs and values, leading to greater community acceptance. They also conduct inquiries and record evidence in a less formal manner than traditional courts.

However, Nyaya Panchayats have limitations: they cannot adjudicate serious crimes like murder or rape, and their punitive powers are generally limited to imposing small fines, not imprisonment. While their decisions hold social legitimacy, their enforcement can sometimes be challenging compared to judgments from higher courts.

Question 13.

Why are lawyers not allowed to appear before a Nyaya Panchayat to plead any body’s case ?

Ans:

Lawyers are typically not allowed to appear before a Nyaya Panchayat to plead a case primarily for the following reasons:

• Simplicity and informality: Nyaya Panchayats are designed to be informal, accessible, and less procedural than traditional courts. The involvement of lawyers, with their emphasis on legal technicalities and adversarial arguments, would complicate the process and defeat the purpose of providing quick, inexpensive, and simple justice at the grassroots level.
• Focus on conciliation and compromise: A key aim of Nyaya Panchayats is to encourage conciliation and compromise between parties, rather than purely adversarial litigation. Lawyers, by their training, tend to focus on winning for their client, which can hinder the spirit of amicable settlement.
• Cost and accessibility: The presence of lawyers would inevitably increase the cost of seeking justice, making it less accessible for rural villagers who are often seeking an affordable and convenient dispute resolution mechanism.
• Reducing burden on formal judiciary: Nyaya Panchayats are intended to lighten the load on the overburdened formal court system by handling minor civil and criminal cases. Keeping legal professionals out helps maintain their distinct role as a parallel, simplified system.

Question 14.

Name the intermediate level institution of the Panchayati Raj.

Ans:

Panchayat Samiti.

Question 15.

What is meant by the Panchayat Samiti ?

Ans:

Panchayat Samiti: India’s Rural Mid-Tier Governance

The Panchayat Samiti, also known as the Block Panchayat, acts as the vital intermediate level of rural self-governance in India’s Panchayati Raj System. It bridges the gap between village-level Gram Panchayats and the district-level Zila Parishad, coordinating efforts across multiple villages.

Its core function is to spearhead rural development and administration. This involves creating and implementing development plans, executing government programs in key areas like agriculture, health, education, and infrastructure, and supervising Gram Panchayat activities. The Samiti also raises funds through grants, loans, and local taxes to meet community requirements.

Members are generally elected indirectly by Gram Panchayat members, with a chairperson and vice-chairperson at the helm. A government-appointed Block Development Officer (BDO) handles the administrative duties. This three-tier framework was established by the 73rd Amendment Act of the Indian Constitution, with specific details tailored by individual state governments.

Question 16.

Mention any two Civic and Developmental functions of a Panchayat Samiti.

Ans:

1. Promoting Local Economic Development: This includes initiating and overseeing projects related to agriculture, small-scale industries, animal husbandry, and rural employment schemes to uplift the economic well-being of the block’s residents.
2. Facilitating Public Health and Sanitation: The Panchayat Samiti plays a role in implementing public health programs, ensuring access to clean drinking water, managing waste disposal, and promoting sanitation practices within its jurisdiction.

Question 17.

Mention any two Supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti.

Ans:

Here are two supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti:

1. Overseeing Gram Panchayats: The Panchayat Samiti supervises the work of the Gram Panchayats within its block, ensuring they adhere to regulations, utilize funds properly, and implement development schemes effectively.
   
2. Monitoring Development Schemes: It monitors the implementation of various development programs and schemes at the block level, ensuring their timely completion and proper execution as per government guidelines.

Question 18.

Name the highest organ of the Panchayati Raj institutions at the district level.

Ans:

Zila Parishad.

Question 19.

Mention any two Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad.

Ans:

1. Public Health and Sanitation: Zila Parishads are responsible for promoting public health within their jurisdiction. This includes establishing and maintaining primary health centers, dispensaries, and maternal and child welfare centers. They also play a crucial role in sanitation by overseeing waste management, drainage systems, and promoting hygiene practices to prevent the spread of diseases.
2. Rural Development and Infrastructure: A key welfare function of the Zila Parishad is to facilitate overall rural development. This involves planning and executing schemes for the construction and maintenance of rural roads, bridges, and culverts, which are vital for connectivity and economic activity. They also focus on providing safe drinking water facilities, promoting irrigation projects, and supporting agricultural development to improve the livelihoods of rural communities.

Question 20.

Mention any two Supervisory functions of a Zila Parishad.

Ans:

1. Overseeing Gram Panchayats: The Zila Parishad supervises the work of Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis within its district. This includes monitoring their financial expenditure, development projects, and ensuring they adhere to government guidelines and regulations.
2. Monitoring Rural Development Schemes: It plays a crucial role in monitoring the implementation of various rural development schemes and programs sponsored by the central and state governments. This oversight ensures that funds are utilized effectively and projects benefit the intended rural population.

Question 21.

Mention two major problems which hamper the effective working of Village Panchayats. OR

Mention any two limitations (weaknesses) in efficient working of the Panchayati Raj system.

Ans:

Here are two major problems hampering the effective working of Village Panchayats:

1. Inadequate Funding and Financial Autonomy: Village Panchayats often suffer from a severe lack of funds. They are heavily dependent on grants from state and central governments, which are often insufficient, delayed, or tied to specific schemes, limiting their ability to address local needs effectively. Their own revenue generation capacity through local taxes or fees is often weak due to limited powers and collection issues. This financial dependency restricts their ability to plan and implement development projects independently.
2. Lack of Trained Personnel and Capacity Building: Many Panchayats lack adequately trained staff and technical expertise. Elected representatives and even appointed officials may not possess the necessary skills in planning, financial management, project implementation, or record-keeping. Insufficient training programs and capacity-building initiatives further exacerbate this problem, leading to inefficient governance, poor service delivery, and an inability to fully utilize the powers devolved to them.

Question 22.

Mention any two features of the new Panchayati Raj Act. OR Mention any two features of the Constitution Seventy third Amendment Act.

Ans:

Here are two key features of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, also known as the New Panchayati Raj Act:

1. Three-Tier Structure: It mandates a uniform three-tier system of Panchayati Raj institutions (Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate/block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level) in every state with a population exceeding 20 lakhs, ensuring a standardized structure for local self-governance across the country.
2. Reservation of Seats: The Act provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population at all three levels of Panchayats. Crucially, it also mandates the reservation of not less than one-third of the total seats for women, including within the SC/ST reserved categories, promoting greater inclusivity and representation.

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

Question 1.
A free people are a people who participate in decisions affecting their lives and destinies. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by Local Self-Government?
(b) What is the need and importance of Local Self­ Government?
Ans:

(a) Local Self-Government refers to the governance of a specific local area (like a village, town, or district) by representatives chosen by and accountable to the people residing in that area. It empowers local communities to manage their own affairs and make decisions on issues directly affecting them, rather than having these decisions imposed by a central or distant authority.

(b) The need and importance of Local Self-Government stem from several key factors:

• Democratic Participation: It brings democracy closer to the people, enabling direct participation in decision-making processes, thereby embodying the idea of a “free people.”
• Efficient Service Delivery: Local bodies are better positioned to understand and address the specific needs and priorities of their communities, leading to more efficient and relevant provision of public services like water, sanitation, and education.
• Accountability: As representatives are chosen from within the community, they are more directly accountable to the local populace, fostering greater transparency and responsiveness.
• Capacity Building: It serves as a training ground for future leaders and promotes civic engagement, building the capacity of citizens to manage their own affairs.
• Decentralization of Power: It prevents the over-concentration of power at higher levels of government, promoting a more balanced and distributed system of governance.

Question 2.

Freedom becomes meaningful in the right sense of the word only when there are Gram-Panchayats in India. In this context describe the following functions of a Gram Panchayat.

(a) Welfare Functions,

(b) Developmental Functions and

(c) Regulatory and General Administrative Functions.

Ans:

Freedom in India truly resonates when power is decentralized to the grassroots level, particularly through Gram Panchayats. These local self-governing bodies are pivotal in ensuring that democracy reaches every village. 

(a) Welfare Functions:

Gram Panchayats are instrumental in improving the quality of life for villagers. Their welfare functions include:

Public Health & Sanitation: Providing access to clean drinking water, managing village sanitation (drainage, waste disposal), and promoting health awareness.

Education: Supporting primary education, ensuring school enrollment, and maintaining school buildings.

Social Security: Assisting vulnerable sections of society, such as the elderly, disabled, and economically backward, by facilitating access to government schemes.

Public Amenities: Maintaining common village facilities like street lighting, community halls, and burial grounds.

(b) Developmental Functions:

These functions focus on sustainable growth and progress within the village:

Infrastructure Development: Constructing and maintaining village roads, culverts, and other essential infrastructure.

Agricultural Development: Promoting modern agricultural practices, irrigation facilities, and animal husbandry.

Poverty Alleviation: Implementing government schemes aimed at generating employment and improving livelihoods for the rural poor.

Resource Management: Conservation of natural resources like water bodies and forests, and promotion of renewable energy.

Economic Upliftment: Encouraging small-scale industries, handicrafts, and other local economic activities.

(c) Regulatory and General Administrative Functions:

Record Keeping: Maintaining records of births, deaths, and marriages within the village.

Dispute Resolution: Mediating minor disputes among villagers to promote harmony.

Tax Collection: Levying and collecting local taxes, fees, and other dues to generate revenue for village development.

Law and Order: Assisting local police in maintaining peace and order.

Implementation of Schemes: Acting as the primary agency for implementing various central and state government programs at the village level.

Budgeting & Planning: Preparing the annual budget for the village and formulating development plans.

Question 3.

With regard to the Panchayat Samiti answer the following questions:

(a) What are the Civic and Developmental functions of a Panchayat Samiti?

(b) What are the supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti?

Ans:

The Panchayat Samiti, an intermediate body in India’s Panchayati Raj system, carries out various essential functions at the block level, encompassing civic, developmental, and supervisory roles.

Civic and Developmental Functions

The Panchayat Samiti is pivotal for grassroots development and addressing local needs. Its responsibilities include:

• Public Health and Sanitation: Ensuring access to clean drinking water, managing waste, maintaining public sanitation facilities, and promoting hygiene.
• Education: Supporting primary and secondary education, maintaining school infrastructure, and fostering adult literacy.
• Agriculture and Rural Development: Implementing agricultural initiatives, distributing essential farming resources, promoting irrigation, and encouraging cottage industries.
• Social Welfare: Operating welfare programs for vulnerable populations like women, children, the elderly, and those with disabilities.
• Community Development: Organizing community programs, fostering self-help groups, and encouraging local involvement in development.
• Disaster Management: Providing aid during natural calamities for relief and rehabilitation.

Supervisory Functions

The Panchayat Samiti also plays a crucial role in overseeing the work of Gram Panchayats (village councils) within its block. Its supervisory duties include:

• Review and Approval: Examining and approving the budgets and development plans presented by Gram Panchayats.
• Monitoring Implementation: Tracking the execution of development schemes at the village level to ensure efficient use of funds and resources.
• Guidance and Assistance: Offering technical and administrative support to Gram Panchayats to enhance their operations and resolve local issues.
• Resolving Disputes: Mediating and settling disagreements between Gram Panchayats or between a Gram Panchayat and an individual.
• Performance Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of Gram Panchayats and suggesting improvements.
• Fund Allocation: Distributing funds from state and central governments to Gram Panchayats for various developmental activities.

Question 4.

At the top level in the Panchayati Raj system, there stands the Zila Parishad. In this context, answer the following questions:

(a) What are the Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad ?

(b) What are Supervisory functions of a Zila Parishad?

Ans:

The Zila Parishad, the highest body in the Panchayati Raj system at the district level, serves a critical dual role in local governance:

1. Civic and Welfare Responsibilities

The Zila Parishad focuses on enhancing the well-being of district residents by providing essential services and fostering development. Its key functions in this area include:

• Public Health and Sanitation: Establishing healthcare facilities and promoting hygiene through waste management.
• Education: Supporting primary and secondary education by setting up schools, improving infrastructure, and encouraging adult literacy.
• Water Supply: Ensuring access to clean drinking water through the creation and upkeep of water sources.
• Infrastructure Development: Constructing and maintaining district-level roads, bridges, and other public amenities.
• Agriculture and Rural Development: Promoting agricultural advancements, irrigation, animal husbandry, and implementing rural development schemes for poverty reduction and employment.
• Social Welfare: Implementing programs for vulnerable groups like women, children, scheduled castes and tribes, and people with disabilities, including operating anganwadis, old age homes, and social security initiatives.
• Disaster Management: Contributing to disaster preparedness, relief, and rehabilitation efforts.
• Cultural Activities: Promoting local culture, sports, and recreational facilities.

2. Supervisory and Coordinating Role

Beyond direct service provision, the Zila Parishad also plays a vital role in overseeing and guiding lower-tier Panchayati Raj institutions (Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats). This includes:

• Budget Approval: Reviewing and approving the budgets of Panchayat Samitis.
• Coordination: Ensuring integrated district-level planning by coordinating development plans and activities across different Panchayats.
• Financial Oversight: Maintaining financial control and auditing accounts of Panchayat Samitis to ensure proper fund utilization.
• Guidance: Offering guidance and technical support to Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats on development projects and administrative matters.
• Performance Review: Monitoring and evaluating the performance of lower-tier Panchayats in scheme implementation and service delivery.
• Dispute Resolution: Mediating and resolving conflicts between different Panchayat Samitis or between a Panchayat Samiti and a Gram Panchayat.
• Reporting: Acting as a liaison between the State Government and local Panchayats, providing reports on their functioning and district development.

Question 5.

Describe the shortcomings (limitations in efficient working) of the Panchayati Raj System with reference to the following:

(a) Unethical Means adopted in elections

(b) Poverty and Illiteracy in the country

(c) Communal trends in voting.

Ans:

The Panchayati Raj System, while a cornerstone of decentralized governance in India, faces several limitations that hinder its efficient working.

(a) Unethical Means Adopted in Elections: The integrity of Panchayati Raj institutions is often undermined by unethical practices during elections. This includes widespread use of money and muscle power, voter intimidation, and distribution of freebies or liquor to influence votes. Such practices can lead to the election of individuals who may not be genuinely committed to community development but are rather focused on personal gain or consolidating power. This compromises the democratic spirit and the ability of the panchayats to function as truly representative bodies.

(b) Poverty and Illiteracy in the Country: The prevalence of poverty and illiteracy significantly impacts the effective functioning of Panchayati Raj. Impoverished communities may be more susceptible to financial inducements during elections, making them vulnerable to exploitation by powerful candidates. Illiteracy, on the other hand, can limit citizens’ understanding of their rights, the roles and responsibilities of panchayat members, and the importance of active participation in local governance. This lack of awareness can lead to apathy, poor voter turnout, and an inability to hold elected representatives accountable, ultimately hindering informed decision-making and development initiatives.

(c) Communal Trends in Voting: Communalism, where voting patterns are heavily influenced by religious or caste affiliations rather than development issues or candidate merit, poses a serious threat to the efficacy of the Panchayati Raj System. This can lead to the election of representatives who prioritize the interests of their specific community over the broader needs of the village or district. Such divisions can foster distrust, create internal conflicts, and impede collaborative efforts required for effective local governance and equitable distribution of resources. It diverts focus from development agendas to identity politics, weakening the very foundation of inclusive local self-governance.

Question 6.

With reference to the Constitution, Seventy-third Amendment Act, answer the following questions:

(a) What does the Act lay down about the reservation of seats for SCs, STs and women?

(b) What specific responsibilities have been entrusted to the Panchayats under Schedule XI of the Constitution?

Ans:

The 73rd Amendment Act fundamentally restructured India’s Panchayati Raj system.

(a) Reservation of Seats: The Act mandates proportional reservation of seats in Panchayats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) based on their population. Crucially, it reserves not less than one-third of all Panchayat seats for women, including a one-third sub-reservation for SC and ST women within their respective categories, promoting their involvement in local governance.

(b) Panchayat Responsibilities (Schedule XI): The Eleventh Schedule assigns 29 functional items to Panchayats, empowering them with a broad range of responsibilities for local development and administration. These include key areas like agricultural and rural development, social welfare, infrastructure (e.g., roads, water, housing), education, public health and sanitation, poverty alleviation, and the public distribution system, among others.

Additional Questions

I. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Name one difference between local government and local self-government unit.
Ans:

The key difference is in who holds the primary decision-making power.

• Local Government: Often refers to administration carried out by officials appointed by the state or central government. They primarily implement policies set by higher authorities.
• Local Self-Government: Implies a system where the affairs of a locality are managed by representatives directly elected by the local people. They have a greater degree of autonomy and decision-making power regarding local issues.

Question 2.

Give two advantages of having the local self-government.

Ans:

Benefits of Local Self-Government

Local self-governance offers two key advantages:

• Tailored Solutions: Because local governments are deeply embedded in their communities, they can quickly grasp and respond to unique local issues, providing more precise and effective solutions than a centralized government.
  
• Empowered Citizens: Local governance creates more avenues for citizens to directly engage in decision-making and hold their representatives accountable, fostering a stronger sense of ownership and boosting grassroots democracy.

Question 3.

Name the three tier institutions of the Panchayati Raj.

Ans:

India’s Panchayati Raj system is organized into a three-tiered structure, designed to manage local governance effectively:

• Gram Panchayat: This forms the foundational level, directly addressing the administrative and developmental needs of individual villages. It is the most grassroots unit, ensuring local participation in decision-making.
  
• Block Panchayat (Panchayat Samiti): Positioned as the intermediate tier, the Block Panchayat oversees a cluster of villages within a specific block or development area. It acts as a crucial link, coordinating efforts between the village level and the district level.
  
• Zila Parishad: This represents the apex of the Panchayati Raj system, responsible for the overall administration and development planning for an entire district. It provides strategic direction and allocates resources across the various Block Panchayats within its jurisdiction.

Question 4.

What is a Gram Sabha ?

Ans:

The Gram Sabha serves as the bedrock of direct democracy in Indian villages. It’s an assembly of all adult villagers (18+) registered to vote, where they directly engage in local governance. This body enables citizens to actively shape decisions, review the Gram Panchayat’s (elected executive’s) performance, endorse development initiatives, scrutinize budgets, and uphold transparency and accountability in local administration. It is crucial for promoting participatory democracy at the village level.

Question 5.

What did the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act 1992 provide for in respect of the organisation of Panchayats ?

Ans:

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 fundamentally reshaped India’s Panchayati Raj system. It established a mandatory three-tier structure (village, intermediate, and district, with an option for states under 20 lakh population to skip the intermediate level). The Act created the Gram Sabha as the cornerstone, empowering it with functions decided by state legislatures. All Panchayat members are now directly elected, with guaranteed reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes (proportionate to population), and a minimum of one-third of seats for women (including SC/ST women). Similar reservations extend to Chairperson positions. The amendment also established a State Election Commission to oversee Panchayat elections and a State Finance Commission to periodically review and recommend improvements to their financial standing.

Question 6.

What was the view of Gandhiji on Panchayats ?

Ans:

Mahatma Gandhi’s vision for India centered on Gram Swaraj, or village self-rule, where villages would function as independent, self-governing republics. He saw these Panchayats (village councils) as the bedrock of Indian democracy.

In this decentralized system, villages would strive for self-sufficiency in vital necessities such as food and clothing. Power would reside locally, fostering participatory democracy where communities could directly influence decisions affecting their lives, ensuring widespread individual involvement. Gandhi believed these Panchayats should draw their legitimacy from moral principles and the voluntary cooperation of the populace, rather than from force or compulsion.

Question 7.

Who is the head of the Village Panchayat ?

Ans:

The Sarpanch serves as the chief elected official and executive head of a Gram Panchayat, the foundational self-governing body at the village level in India.

They are generally chosen by the Gram Sabha, an assembly comprising all adult voters in the village. However, in some states, such as Maharashtra, since 2017, the election of the Sarpanch is conducted through direct popular vote.

The Sarpanch’s responsibilities are extensive, encompassing the implementation of development programs, maintenance of essential village infrastructure (including roads, water facilities, and schools), and the collection of local taxes. They also play a crucial role in addressing villagers’ concerns and fostering the overall prosperity and welfare of the community.

With a typical five-year tenure, the Sarpanch also acts as the chairperson for meetings of both the Gram Panchayat and the Gram Sabha. While “Sarpanch” is the most common term, this position may also be referred to as “Gram Pradhan,” “Mukhiya,” or “Panchayat President” in various regions of India.

Question 8.

Under the system of local self-government which local body discharges judicial functions in a rural area?

Ans:

While Gram Panchayats are the foundational elected bodies at the village level and perform various administrative and development functions, the specific judicial role, particularly in handling minor civil and criminal cases, is typically vested in the Nyaya Panchayat (also sometimes referred to as Panchayati Adalat).

It’s important to note that the powers and existence of Nyaya Panchayats can vary from state to state, as local government is a state subject in India. However, their primary purpose is to provide accessible, affordable, and speedy justice at the grassroots level, dealing with petty offenses and minor disputes, often through conciliation and compromise, to reduce the burden on formal courts. They generally have limitations on their authority, such as not being able to impose imprisonment.

Question 9.

What is known as the Panchayat Samiti ?

Ans:

The Panchayat Samiti, also known by regional names like Block Panchayat, Mandal Parishad, or Taluka Panchayat, serves as the crucial middle tier in India’s Panchayati Raj system of rural local governance. Established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, it bridges village-level Gram Panchayats with the district-level Zilla Parishad, fostering decentralized governance and rural development.

Core Functions of the Panchayat Samiti

• Intermediate Authority: It acts as a vital link, ensuring smooth communication and direction between grassroots villages and district administrations.
• Oversight and Alignment: The Samiti coordinates and supervises Gram Panchayat activities. It reviews and consolidates their development proposals for the Zilla Parishad and relays district initiatives back to the villages.
• Program Implementation: It’s responsible for executing government programs at the block level across sectors like agriculture, rural development, education, health, sanitation, infrastructure, and social welfare.
• Composition and Leadership: Typically, it includes elected block members, Gram Panchayat chairpersons (Sarpanches), local MPs and MLAs, and co-opted members representing specific groups. The Block Development Officer (BDO) is its administrative head.
• Fiscal Management: The Samiti manages funds from local taxes, revenue-generating schemes, state grants/loans, and voluntary contributions. It critically assesses Gram Panchayat plans for funding, aligning them with financial realities and development goals.
• Local Planning: A key role involves crafting and implementing annual and five-year development plans tailored to the block’s specific needs and the aspirations of its rural residents.

Question 10.

Who is the head of the Panchayat Samiti ? How is he appointed ?

Ans:

The Chairman of the Panchayat Samiti assumes their role through an indirect election process. Initially, the general populace within the block or tehsil directly elects the members of the Panchayat Samiti. Following this, these newly elected members then convene to hold an internal election, selecting one individual from amongst themselves to serve as the Chairman. Therefore, while the members are chosen directly by the electorate, the Chairman is subsequently chosen by those elected members.

Question 11.

Who is the head of local government at the district level?

Ans:

In India, the head of local government at the district level is primarily the District Collector, also known as the District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner, depending on the specific state or union territory.

While there are democratically elected bodies like the Zilla Parishad (District Council) that play a significant role in local self-governance in rural areas, the District Collector/Magistrate/Deputy Commissioner is the senior-most career civil servant who serves as the executive head of the district’s administration.

Here’s a breakdown of their multi-faceted role:

• As District Collector: They are the chief revenue officer, responsible for the assessment and collection of land revenue, other government taxes, and the maintenance of land records. They also play a key role in land acquisition and related matters.
• As District Magistrate: They are the chief executive magistrate, responsible for maintaining law and order in the district. This includes supervising the police force (under general direction), issuing prohibitory orders (like Section 144 Cr. P.C.), and overseeing the administration of jails.
• As Deputy Commissioner (in some states): This title often emphasizes their role in overseeing developmental activities and coordinating various government departments within the district.
• Other Key Functions: They also act as the District Election Officer, in charge of conducting elections, managing disaster responses, functioning as a registrar for deeds, and a marriage officer, among many other responsibilities. They are essentially the government’s representative at the district level, ensuring the implementation of various government policies and welfare programs.

Question 12.

What is Nyaya Panchayat ? Give two functions.

Ans:

Nyaya Panchayats act as informal, local judicial bodies within India’s Panchayati Raj system, aiming to provide accessible and affordable justice in rural communities. These bodies are made up of respected community members called Panchas. Their primary goal is to reduce the burden on formal courts and offer a more rapid, culturally appropriate method for resolving minor disagreements.

Core Responsibilities of Nyaya Panchayats

Nyaya Panchayats primarily fulfill two key roles:

• Resolving Minor Disputes: They are empowered to hear and decide on minor civil cases. This includes conflicts related to property, small financial claims, and family issues such as property distribution or minor marital disputes. They also address minor criminal offenses like petty assaults, wrongful confinement, small thefts, trespassing, and public disturbances. Their authority is limited, generally allowing them to impose only small fines (e.g., up to ₹100) and prohibiting them from issuing prison sentences.
  
• Promoting Conciliation and Swift Resolution: A crucial function of Nyaya Panchayats is to encourage compromise and amicable settlements between disputing parties. They prioritize resolving conflicts through mutual agreement and understanding, rather than through an adversarial legal process. This emphasis on mediation helps maintain community harmony and often leads to quicker case resolutions compared to the formal court system, saving villagers both time and legal expenses.

Question 13.

State two points of importance of having local-self ­government.

Ans:

Local self-government is essential for a robust democracy due to two key aspects:

Firstly, it empowers grassroots democracy and citizen engagement. By decentralizing decision-making to the local level, it allows citizens to directly participate in governance, fostering ownership and accountability. This direct involvement strengthens the democratic process by ensuring responsiveness to local needs.

Secondly, it enables efficient and responsive service delivery. Local governments possess an intimate understanding of their communities’ unique challenges and resources. This localized knowledge facilitates tailored solutions and optimized resource allocation for services like public health, waste management, and urban planning, leading to more effective and efficient outcomes for residents.

Question 14.

Point out two differences between Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat.

Ans:

Here’s a concise and unique summary of the key differences between Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat:

The Gram Sabha is the foundational democratic assembly of a village, encompassing all adult residents, and acts as the supreme legislative and supervisory authority, responsible for approving plans and budgets. Conversely, the Gram Panchayat is the elected administrative body, a smaller group of representatives that executes the Gram Sabha’s directives, manages daily village affairs, and provides essential services.

Question 15.

What are the functions of the Panchayat Samiti ?

Ans:

The Panchayat Samiti, an intermediate body in India’s three-tier Panchayati Raj system, plays a crucial role in rural development and local governance at the block level. Its primary functions include:

• Planning and Implementation of Development Programs: It collects development plans from Gram Panchayats, evaluates them, and then prepares and implements block-level development plans focusing on economic development and social justice. This includes schemes related to agriculture, animal husbandry, rural industries, drinking water supply, sanitation, public health, and social welfare.
• Coordination and Supervision: The Panchayat Samiti acts as a link between the Gram Panchayats (village level) and the Zila Parishad (district level).
• Fund Management: It receives grants and loans from state governments and the Zila Parishad, and manages these funds for various development projects within the block.
• Delivery of Services: The Panchayat Samiti is responsible for ensuring the effective delivery of government services and welfare programs to the rural population, including those targeting marginalized and economically weaker sections.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: It monitors the progress of development projects and schemes and evaluates their impact and effectiveness to ensure desired outcomes.
• Promoting Rural Industries: It encourages the development of small-scale and cottage industries and provides support for rural enterprises.
• Community Participation: It engages with the community to understand their needs and grievances, fostering public participation in decision-making and development initiatives.

Question 16.

Briefly state the composition of Zila Parishad.

Ans:

The Zila Parishad, the district-level apex of India’s Panchayati Raj, consists of directly elected members from district constituencies, alongside ex-officio members who are the chairpersons of all Block Panchayat Samitis. Additionally, Members of Parliament and Members of the Legislative Assembly representing the district are part of its composition. To ensure diverse representation, seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, and Women. Leadership is provided by a Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson, elected from among the directly elected members, while a Chief Executive Officer, usually a senior administrative officer, leads the administrative functions.

Structured Questions:

1. With reference to local self-government today, answer the following questions:
Question 1(a).
Name important local self-government institutions in rural areas.
Ans:

Gram Panchayat: This is the bedrock of local self-governance in rural India, directly representing the villagers. It operates at the village or cluster of villages level and is the primary body for addressing local needs and implementing developmental initiatives.

Panchayat Samiti (Block Panchayat/Janpad Panchayat): Functioning as an intermediate body, the Panchayat Samiti typically aligns with a development block. Its main role is to facilitate collaboration and supervision among the various Gram Panchayats under its purview, ensuring coordinated efforts at a broader scale than individual villages.

Zila Parishad (District Panchayat): Occupying the apex position in the rural self-government hierarchy, the Zila Parishad operates at the district level. It provides strategic direction and oversight to both the Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats, working towards holistic and integrated development across the entire district.

Question 1(b).

What is the significance of a self-government institution?

Ans:

A self-governing institution is significant because it empowers local communities to manage their own affairs without excessive external interference. This leads to:

• Strengthened Democracy: It brings decision-making closer to the people, promoting direct participation and accountability of elected representatives.
• Responsive Governance: Local bodies have a better understanding of community-specific needs and can deliver services more efficiently and effectively (e.g., infrastructure, sanitation, education).
• Local Development: It fosters economic development and social justice by allowing communities to prioritize projects and allocate resources based on their unique circumstances.
• Empowerment and Capacity Building: It builds the capacity of local communities to manage resources, plan development, and resolve conflicts, fostering a sense of ownership.
• Inclusiveness: It provides a platform for diverse and marginalized communities to voice their concerns and have their needs addressed.

Question 1(c).

Mention any three salient features of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992.

Ans:

Here’s a concise and unique summary of the salient features of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992:

The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution fundamentally transformed local self-governance in India by:

• Institutionalizing Panchayati Raj: It elevated Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) from discretionary state bodies to constitutionally mandated entities, ensuring their consistent establishment and operation nationwide.
• Structuring Local Democracy: The amendment established a uniform three-tier system (village, intermediate, and district levels) for PRIs in larger states and, critically, mandated regular five-year elections, thereby embedding democratic accountability at the grassroots.

Promoting Inclusive Representation: It introduced crucial reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes (proportionate to their population), and a minimum of one-third of seats for women across all Panchayat tiers, fostering broader participation of historically marginalized groups in local governance.

2. With respect to Panchayat Raj System answer the following questions:

Question 2(a).

How did the Panchayats come to be set up on a uniform basis all over the country ?

Ans:

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 was the pivotal force behind establishing a uniform framework for Panchayats throughout India. Prior to this, local self-governance structures varied widely across states, often being fragile, underfunded, and subject to inconsistent elections or dissolutions.

This amendment fundamentally reshaped Panchayats by granting them constitutional status and mandating a standardized three-tier system (village, block, and district levels) in states exceeding 20 lakh population. Key provisions introduced include compulsory regular elections every five years, reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women at all levels (including leadership roles), and the establishment of State Finance Commissions for financial devolution and State Election Commissions for conducting polls.

In essence, the 73rd Amendment transformed Panchayats from mere administrative entities into constitutionally mandated, empowered, and uniform bodies of local self-governance across India.

Question 2(b).

Describe the common features of the three-tier Panchayat Raj System.

Ans:

The Panchayati Raj System in India is a three-tiered structure designed for decentralized local self-governance in rural areas. Its primary goals are to foster grassroots democracy, drive economic development, and promote social justice.

Key Features of the Panchayati Raj System:

• Three Tiers:
  
  • Gram Panchayat (Village Level): The foundational unit, serving an individual village or a cluster of villages.
  • Panchayat Samiti (Block/Intermediate Level): Bridges the Gram Panchayats and the Zila Parishad, coordinating developmental activities across a block.
  • Zila Parishad (District Level): The highest body, responsible for overall district-level development and coordinating Panchayat Samitis. (Note: States with populations under 20 lakh can opt for a two-tier system, skipping the intermediate level.)
• Direct Elections: Members at all levels (village, block, and district) are generally chosen directly by citizens. However, chairpersons at the intermediate and district levels are usually elected indirectly by the elected members, while the election method for the village-level chairperson (Sarpanch) varies by state.
  
• Gram Sabha: A crucial element at the village level, comprising all adult registered voters. This permanent body supervises the Gram Panchayat, ensuring transparency and accountability.
  
• Reservation of Seats:
  
  • Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) proportionally to their population across all tiers.
  • At least one-third of all seats, including chairperson positions, are reserved for women at every level, with some states increasing this to 50%.
• Fixed Tenure: Each Panchayati Raj Institution operates for a five-year term. If dissolved prematurely, new elections must be conducted within six months.
  
• Powers and Functions: Panchayats are empowered to:
  
  • Develop and execute plans for local economic growth.
  • Work towards social justice and implement welfare programs.
  • Provide essential services like water, sanitation, public health, and primary education.
  • Maintain local infrastructure such as roads and public buildings.
  • Generate revenue through state-authorized taxes and fees.
• Independent Commissions:
  
  • State Election Commission: Each state must establish this independent body to ensure fair elections for Panchayati Raj Institutions.
  • State Finance Commission: Constituted every five years to assess the financial health of Panchayats and recommend ways to improve their finances and allocate funds.

Question 2(c).

Mention any two achievements of the Panchayati Raj System.

Ans:

1. Deepening Democracy and Decentralization: The Panchayati Raj System, particularly after the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, has significantly deepened the roots of democracy in India. By establishing a three-tier system of local self-governance in rural areas, it has brought decision-making closer to the people, transforming representative democracy into a more participatory one. This allows local communities to directly engage in planning and implementing development programs that address their specific needs.
   
2. Empowerment of Marginalized Groups, especially Women: A major achievement has been the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women at all levels of Panchayats. This has led to an unprecedented increase in the political representation of these previously marginalized groups. Notably, over one million women have been elected to Panchayati Raj Institutions, fostering their leadership, increasing their say in local governance, and promoting issues pertinent to their communities, such as access to drinking water and public goods.

Question 3.

With reference to the Gram Panchayat, state the following.

(a) It composition

(b) Its Function

(c) Important office bearers.

Ans:

The Gram Panchayat stands as the foundational unit of local self-governance in rural India, acting as the primary administrative body for villages or groups of villages.

(a) Structure and Representation

The Gram Panchayat is composed of Panchas, who are members directly elected by adult villagers (18 years and older). The specific number of Panchas varies based on the village’s population. The Sarpanch, or President, is also directly chosen by the villagers and leads the Panchayat. To ensure broad representation, a set number of seats are reserved for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes.

(b) Responsibilities and Duties

The Gram Panchayat’s functions are broad and varied, encompassing:

• Development Initiatives: The Panchayat initiates, manages, and supervises various village infrastructure projects, such as sanitation systems, water supply, street lighting, road construction, and the advancement of primary education.
• Welfare Administration: It oversees welfare programs, advocates for social justice, and offers support to the community’s vulnerable members.
• Civic Service Provision: The body ensures the provision and maintenance of vital public services and community assets.
• Revenue Generation: It collects local taxes and fees to finance its operations and projects.
• Administrative Functions: The Panchayat maintains official village records and helps resolve minor local disputes.

(c) Key Leadership Roles

Several important office bearers contribute to the effective operation of the Gram Panchayat:

• Sarpanch (President): As the elected leader, the Sarpanch presides over meetings, oversees the Panchayat’s activities, and serves as the village’s official representative.
• Panchas (Members): These directly elected representatives are vital for decision-making and actively contribute to the village’s progress and development.
• Gram Sevak/Secretary: This government-appointed administrator manages official records, ensures decisions are implemented, and facilitates the efficient functioning of the Panchayat.

Question 4.

With reference to the Panchayat Samiti, write short notes on the following:

(a) Composition of the Panchayat Samiti.

(b) Its functions

Ans:

The Panchayat Samiti serves as a vital intermediary within India’s Panchayati Raj system, connecting the village-level Gram Panchayats with the district-level Zila Parishad. This administrative body operates at the block or taluka level, playing a crucial role in rural governance and development.

(a) Composition

The structure of the Panchayat Samiti ensures a diverse and representative body:

• Elected Members: These individuals are directly chosen by voters from the various constituencies within the block.
• Ex-officio Members: This category includes:
  • Sarpanchs (Chairpersons) from all Gram Panchayats falling under the Samiti’s jurisdiction.
  • Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and Members of Parliament (MPs) whose constituencies encompass the block.
  • The Block Development Officer (BDO), who also functions as the chief executive of the Samiti.
• Co-opted Members: If certain marginalized groups, such as women, Scheduled Castes, or Scheduled Tribes, are not adequately represented through elections, individuals from these communities may be co-opted into the Samiti.
• Chairman and Deputy Chairman: These leaders are elected by the Samiti’s members to preside over meetings and manage its operations.

(b) Functions

The Panchayat Samiti undertakes a broad spectrum of responsibilities aimed at enhancing rural life:

• Implementation of Development Schemes: Its primary role involves executing development programs initiated by both central and state governments at the block level. These programs often focus on areas like rural employment, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development.
• Supervision of Gram Panchayats: The Samiti oversees and coordinates the activities of Gram Panchayats, offering guidance, financial support, and performance assessments.
• Agricultural Advancement: It promotes agricultural growth by facilitating access to essential resources such as improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation facilities, and agricultural extension services.
• Rural Infrastructure Development: The Samiti is responsible for constructing and maintaining local roads, minor irrigation systems, drinking water facilities, and essential community buildings like health centers and schools.
• Health and Sanitation Initiatives: It works to improve public health through various initiatives, including establishing health centers, organizing health camps, managing waste disposal, and implementing sanitation programs.
• Educational Oversight: The Samiti supervises primary education within its block, encompassing activities like establishing new schools, encouraging student enrollment, and ensuring the quality of education.
• Social Welfare Programs: It carries out activities designed to support vulnerable populations, women, and children, addressing various social issues.
• Planning and Budget Formulation: The Samiti is responsible for developing the block’s annual development plan and budget, which involves consolidating proposals received from the Gram Panchayats.
• Disaster Management: In times of natural calamities, the Panchayat Samiti plays a critical role in leading relief and rehabilitation efforts.

Question 5.

Name the apex body of the Panchayat Raj System State its composition, functions and sources of income.

Ans:

The Zila Parishad, also known as the Zila Panchayat or District Council, serves as the highest tier of the Panchayat Raj System at the district level.

Composition

Its members include directly elected representatives from the district’s constituencies, with reserved seats for marginalized communities and women, serving five-year terms. Ex-officio members typically comprise chairpersons from block-level Panchayat Samitis, Members of Parliament, and Members of Legislative Assembly from the district, as well as district-level government officers. An Adhyaksha (Chairperson) and Upadhyaksha (Vice-Chairperson) are elected from the elected members. An IAS officer or senior state administrative officer functions as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), leading its administrative wing.

Functions

The Zila Parishad is pivotal in rural development and governance. Its core functions include:

• Planning and Development: Formulating district-level development plans and implementing government schemes across sectors like agriculture, health, education, and social welfare.
• Supervision and Coordination: Overseeing and coordinating the activities of Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats.
• Service Provision: Establishing and maintaining essential public services and infrastructure such as healthcare centers, schools, roads, water supply, and sanitation. It also promotes agriculture, cottage industries, and cooperative movements.
• Social Justice: Implementing welfare programs for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, and promoting women and child development.
• Financial Management: Approving Panchayat Samiti budgets and disbursing grants.

Sources of Income

The Zila Parishad funds its operations through:

• Taxes and Fees: Levying taxes permitted by the state government (e.g., property tax, land cess) and collecting license, market, and toll fees.
• Government Grants: Receiving grants-in-aid from state and central governments for specific schemes and overall development, along with a share of land revenue.
• Own Property Income: Generating revenue from its owned properties like shops and guest houses.
• Loans: Obtaining loans from the state government or financial institutions for projects.
• Donations: Accepting contributions from individuals, organizations, and CSR funds.

Question 6.

Using the following points, explain the factors (reasons) responsible for the emergence of Regional Parties:

(a) Ethnic and Cultural factors.

(b) Fear concerning North’s domination.

(c) Centre-State relations.

(d) Organisational weakness of the Congress.

Ans:

(a) Ethnic and Cultural Factors: India’s immense diversity, with its multitude of languages, religions, castes, and tribal communities, has been a significant catalyst for the emergence of regional parties. When a particular ethnic, linguistic, or cultural group feels its unique identity or interests are not adequately represented by national parties, or perceives a threat to its distinct way of life, it often coalesces around a regional political outfit. These parties then champion the cause of their specific cultural or ethnic group, demanding greater autonomy, resource allocation, or protection of their heritage. Examples include parties rooted in linguistic identity (e.g., DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu), or those representing specific tribal groups or religious minorities.

(b) Fear Concerning North’s Domination: A historical undercurrent in Indian politics has been the apprehension among some southern and northeastern states regarding the perceived dominance of the Hindi-speaking northern states. This fear often manifests as concerns over resource allocation, language policy, cultural imposition, and the distribution of political power. Regional parties capitalize on these sentiments, positioning themselves as bulwarks against any perceived hegemonic tendencies from the “North.” They advocate for greater federalism, decentralized power, and protection of regional interests against what they see as an overbearing central government influenced by northern priorities.

(c) Centre-State Relations: The evolving dynamics of Centre-State relations have profoundly impacted the growth of regional parties. During periods of strong central government, particularly under single-party dominance, states often felt marginalized and deprived of autonomy. This led to a demand for greater fiscal independence, more legislative powers, and a fairer share of national resources. Regional parties frequently emerge by articulating these demands, pushing for a more balanced federal structure where states have greater say in their own development and governance. Disagreements over resource distribution, the imposition of central schemes, and the role of governors have all fueled the rise of parties committed to strengthening state rights.

(d) Organisational Weakness of the Congress: The decline of the Indian National Congress, once the dominant national party, significantly contributed to the vacuum that regional parties filled. In its heyday, the Congress had a pan-Indian presence and a strong organizational structure that could accommodate diverse regional aspirations. However, over time, its organizational strength waned, its internal democratic processes weakened, and its ability to effectively address regional grievances diminished. This created space for regional leaders to break away or form new parties that could more effectively articulate local concerns and mobilize regional electorates. As the Congress’s hold weakened, voters increasingly turned to regional alternatives that promised to prioritize their specific interests, leading to the fragmentation of the political landscape and the rise of powerful regional players.

Question 7.

Regional parties have captured governmental power in many States. In this context, answer the following questions:

(a) What is the criteria for a party’s recognition as a Regional or State Party?                                  

(b) How are the Regional Parties different from All-India (National) Parties?

Ans:

In India’s vibrant multi-party democracy, the Election Commission of India (ECI) categorizes political parties as either National or State (Regional) based on specific electoral performance criteria. This recognition bestows significant advantages, including a reserved election symbol and access to state-run media for campaigning.

A party achieves ‘State Party’ status by fulfilling any of several conditions in a general election for either the Lok Sabha or the State Legislative Assembly. These conditions generally involve a minimum vote share (e.g., 6% in the State Assembly election coupled with at least 2 Assembly seats, or 6% in a Lok Sabha election from that State along with at least 1 Lok Sabha seat). Alternatively, a party can qualify by securing a certain percentage of Assembly seats (at least 3% or 3 seats, whichever is higher), or a specific number of Lok Sabha seats (1 out of every 25 seats allotted to the State). A more liberalized criterion allows for State Party recognition if the party secures at least 8% of the total valid votes polled in the State in either a State Assembly or Lok Sabha election.

The fundamental distinctions between Regional and National parties lie in their operational scope, policy priorities, and political aspirations. Regional parties primarily confine their activities and influence to a particular state or region, with their electoral success and objectives centered on state-level governance. Their focus tends to be on local concerns, cultural identities, and developmental needs specific to their region. In contrast, National parties possess a wider, pan-Indian presence, aiming to secure power at the central level. Their platforms address broader national issues such as economic policy, foreign relations, and national security, striving for a unified national narrative. While Regional parties can significantly influence national politics, often serving as crucial coalition partners, National parties are the primary contenders for forming the central government and shaping nationwide policies.