Local Self-Government: Urban Local Institutions

Urban local self-government is crucial for addressing the unique needs of towns and cities by bringing governance closer to the people. These bodies are broadly categorized into Nagar Panchayats for transitional areas, Municipal Councils (or Municipalities/Nagar Palikas) for smaller cities (40,000 to 3,00,000 population) headed by a Chairman or President, and Municipal Corporations (or Mahanagar Palikas) for larger cities (over 3,00,000 population) led by a Mayor.

All urban local bodies are composed of directly elected representatives (Councillors or Corporators) with reserved seats for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. While the Mayor or Chairman/President serves as the ceremonial head, the Municipal Commissioner (for Corporations) or Chief Executive Officer (for Councils), typically an IAS officer, manages daily administration and implements decisions. Various committees support their functions.

Urban local bodies perform essential obligatory functions like providing safe drinking water, maintaining sanitation, building roads, and registering births and deaths. They also undertake discretionary functions such as establishing parks, public transport, and urban planning, depending on available resources. Their income primarily comes from taxes (house, property, water), fees, government grants, and fines.

These institutions are vital for decentralizing power, fostering citizen participation, ensuring efficient service delivery, and serving as a training ground for future leaders. By managing local issues, they also reduce the burden on state governments, ultimately promoting effective governance and local development.

EXERCISES

Question 1.
By whom are the members of a City Corporation (Municipal Corporation) elected?
Ans:

The selection of members for a City Corporation, often referred to as a Municipal Corporation, is carried out through a democratic process where eligible adult residents of the city’s municipal jurisdiction participate.

This electoral mechanism encompasses:

• Popular Vote: Citizens directly choose their representatives by casting votes for candidates vying for seats in the various electoral divisions or wards that comprise the city.
• Inclusive Suffrage: The right to vote is extended to all adult inhabitants, typically those aged 18 and above, who fulfill residency criteria. This right is granted without discrimination based on gender, religious affiliation, social standing, or financial means.

Question 2.

Who is elected head of a Municipal Corporation? OR Name the Presiding Officer of a Municipal Corporation.

Ans:

The elected head of a Municipal Corporation, and often its presiding officer, is the Mayor.

While the Mayor is the ceremonial head and presides over the meetings of the Municipal Corporation, it’s important to note that in most states and territories of India, the executive powers are actually vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an appointed official (usually an IAS officer) by the state government.

The method of electing the Mayor can vary: in some states, they are directly elected by the people, while in others, they are indirectly elected from among the elected councillors.

Question 3.

Mention any two functions of the Mayor of a City Corporation.

Ans:

Here are two distinct functions of a City Corporation Mayor:

1. Facilitating Deliberation and Governance: The Mayor undertakes the crucial responsibility of overseeing and directing the legislative sessions of the City Corporation. This encompasses setting the agenda, moderating debates, upholding parliamentary decorum, and ensuring that resolutions concerning the city’s financial allocations, regulatory frameworks, and infrastructural projects are discussed and decided upon in an organized and effective manner. Their role is pivotal in guiding the deliberative process that shapes the city’s future.

2. Embodying Civic Identity and Advocacy: The Mayor serves as the paramount public figure and ambassador for the city. This involves a range of duties such as hosting official visitors, participating in community gatherings, advocating for the city’s strategic objectives on various governmental platforms, and articulating the shared aspirations and character of its inhabitants. Essentially, the Mayor personifies the city’s spirit and champions its interests on both local and broader scales.

Question 4.

Who is the Chief Executive (Administrative) Officer of a Municipal Corporation?

Ans:

In India, the Municipal Commissioner (sometimes referred to as the Municipal Secretary) is the Chief Executive (Administrative) Officer of a Municipal Corporation.

Here’s a breakdown of their role:

• Appointed Official: Unlike the Mayor, who is an elected ceremonial head, the Municipal Commissioner is a civil servant appointed by the state government. They are often senior officers from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) or the Provincial Civil Service.
• Administrative Head: The Municipal Commissioner is responsible for the overall administration and day-to-day operations of the municipal corporation.
• Executive Powers: They hold the primary executive powers, meaning they are responsible for implementing the decisions made by the municipal council and its various committees.
• Key Responsibilities: Their duties include managing finances, overseeing municipal services (like water supply, sanitation, roads, and public health), supervising staff, and ensuring the efficient delivery of services to citizens.

Question 5.

Mention one obligatory and one discretionary function of a Municipal Corporation (or a Municipality).

Ans:

Here’s a concise, unique summary of obligatory and discretionary functions of a Municipal Corporation:

Obligatory Functions: The Essentials

A Municipal Corporation’s core duty is to manage the city’s fundamental infrastructure, ensuring it remains livable and functional. This includes:

• Roads and Bridges: Maintaining safe and efficient road networks for smooth traffic flow.
• Water Supply: Providing clean, reliable drinking water to all residents through a robust distribution system.
• Stormwater Drainage: Implementing effective systems to prevent flooding and protect urban property from heavy rainfall.
• Street Lighting: Illuminating public areas to enhance safety and visibility at night.
• Utility Coordination: Regulating and facilitating access for essential services like electricity, gas, and telecommunications within public spaces.

Without these foundational services, a city cannot thrive economically or socially.

Discretionary Functions: Enhancing City Life

Beyond the essentials, a Municipal Corporation has the flexibility to undertake initiatives that enrich civic life and reflect local character. These may include:

• Vibrant Public Spaces: Activating public areas with markets, performance zones, or community gardens to encourage social interaction.
• Heritage Conservation: Protecting and promoting historical sites and cultural heritage to connect the city’s past with its present.
• Green Infrastructure: Developing urban forests, ecological corridors, and green roofs to improve environmental quality and resident well-being.
• Civic Engagement: Creating platforms that educate citizens about governance and encourage participation in shaping the city’s future.
• Digital Access: Bridging the digital divide by providing public Wi-Fi or supporting community technology centers, empowering citizens with digital skills.

Question 6.

What is an important function of a Municipal Corporation (or a Municipality) in the field of education?

Ans:

An important function of a Municipal Corporation (or a Municipality) in the field of education is the provision and maintenance of primary education facilities.

Here’s a breakdown of what that entails and why it’s crucial:

• Establishing and Operating Schools: Municipal bodies are often responsible for setting up and running primary schools within their jurisdiction. This includes acquiring land, constructing school buildings, and ensuring they meet basic safety and infrastructure standards (classrooms, sanitation, drinking water, etc.).
• Funding and Resource Allocation: They allocate funds from their budget for educational purposes, covering teacher salaries, teaching materials, uniforms (in some cases), mid-day meals, and other operational expenses necessary for the functioning of these schools.
• Teacher Recruitment and Management: While recruitment policies may vary, municipalities often play a role in the appointment of primary school teachers and managing their service conditions, ensuring an adequate number of qualified educators are available.
• Curriculum Implementation (to an extent): While the broader curriculum is usually set by state or national education boards, the municipality is responsible for its effective implementation at the local school level. This involves ensuring textbooks are available and that teaching methods align with prescribed guidelines.
• Promoting Enrollment and Retention: Municipalities undertake initiatives to encourage children, especially from underprivileged backgrounds, to enroll in primary school and to reduce dropout rates. This might include awareness campaigns, providing incentives, or tracking attendance.
• Basic Infrastructure and Amenities: Beyond the school building itself, they are responsible for ensuring the schools have necessary amenities like libraries, playgrounds, and proper sanitation facilities, which are vital for a conducive learning environment.
• Monitoring and Supervision: They conduct regular inspections and monitoring of the primary schools under their purview to ensure quality education is being imparted, resources are being utilized effectively, and educational standards are being met.

Question 7.

Name two local self-governing institutions in the urban areas.

Ans:

In urban settings, two primary local self-governing bodies are responsible for civic administration:

• Municipal Corporations: Designed for major cities and metropolitan centers, these institutions oversee extensive civic responsibilities. Their mandate includes, but is not limited to, ensuring water provision, managing sanitation, upholding public health standards, maintaining urban infrastructure such as roads, and engaging in comprehensive urban planning.
• Municipalities (or Municipal Councils): These bodies are established to govern smaller towns and cities. While their scope is more localized, their functions mirror those of Municipal Corporations in principle, focusing on delivering vital services to the urban communities within their jurisdiction.

Question 8.

Who is elected Head (or Presiding Officer) of a Municipality?

Ans:

The elected head or presiding officer of a Municipality in India is typically the Mayor (for Municipal Corporations in larger cities) or the Chairperson/President (for Municipal Councils or Nagar Palikas in smaller urban areas).

Here’s a breakdown:

• Mayor: In Municipal Corporations, the Mayor is the ceremonial head and presides over corporation meetings. While the Mayor is the “head,” in most states, the executive powers are actually vested in the Municipal Commissioner, who is an administrative officer appointed by the state government. However, in some states like Haryana, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, mayors are directly elected by the people and thus hold more executive power.
• Chairperson/President: In Municipal Councils (Nagar Palikas) and Nagar Panchayats (for areas transitioning from rural to urban), the elected head is often referred to as the Chairperson or President. These individuals are usually elected either directly by the people or indirectly by the elected ward members (councillors).

Question 9.

Mention any two limitations in efficient working of local self-governments.

Ans:

Here are two limitations that can hinder the efficient working of local self-governments:

1. Inadequate Financial Autonomy and Resources: Many local self-governments heavily rely on grants and funds from higher levels of government (state or central). This dependency often means they have limited control over their own budgets and revenue generation. They might not have the power to levy sufficient local taxes or fees, or the grants they receive might be earmarked for specific purposes, restricting their flexibility to address unique local needs. This lack of financial autonomy can lead to underfunding of essential services, an inability to undertake crucial infrastructure projects, and a general hindrance to effective planning and implementation of local development initiatives.
2. Lack of Capacity Building and Technical Expertise: Local self-governments, especially in less developed regions, often suffer from a shortage of trained personnel and technical expertise across various departments. This can include a lack of skilled urban planners, engineers, financial managers, and public health officials. Without adequate human resources and specialized knowledge, they struggle with effective policy formulation, project design and execution, data analysis, and the implementation of complex programs. This capacity gap can lead to inefficiencies, delays in service delivery, and an inability to adopt modern governance practices.

Question 10.

In which urban area is a Notified Area Committee constituted? Why is it so called?

Ans:

A Notified Area Committee (NAC) is constituted in a fast-developing urban area that does not yet fulfill all the conditions for the establishment of a full-fledged municipality.

It is called a “Notified Area Committee” because its creation and the specific area it governs are officially “notified” by the state government in the official gazette. This notification grants it the authority to function as a basic urban local body, even though it may not have all the powers or a democratically elected body like a municipality. It often serves as an interim arrangement to manage the urban development of a rapidly growing area until it matures sufficiently to become a full municipality.

Question 11.

Name the local body (authority) in an area where the armed forces personnel are living.

Ans:

When armed forces personnel live in an area, the local body or authority responsible for their administration and provision of civic amenities is typically a Cantonment Board.

Question 12.

Under whose administrative control does a Cantonment Board function?

Ans:

Cantonment Boards operate under the direct administrative authority of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. This arrangement distinguishes them from most other urban local bodies, which generally fall under the purview and administration of state governments. The governance of Cantonment Boards is rooted in central legislation, specifically the Cantonments Act of 2006. This centralized control stems from the fundamental nature of cantonments as areas primarily established for military personnel and their associated support systems, notwithstanding the presence of civilian residents within these zones.

Question 13.

By whom are the Cantonment Boards funded?

Ans:

Cantonment Boards in India primarily derive their funding from a diverse set of sources, ensuring their ability to provide essential services and maintain infrastructure.

A significant portion of their financial support comes from Grants-in-Aid provided by the Central Government. These grants are crucial, especially for Boards facing financial shortfalls, enabling them to cover critical operational costs such as salaries, pensions, and the provision of public utilities like sanitation, healthcare, water, education, and street lighting. This includes both regular budgetary support and, on occasion, special allocations for the development of capital assets or the implementation of specific projects.

Furthermore, Service Charges from both the Central and State Governments constitute a vital revenue stream. Given that government-owned properties within cantonment areas are exempt from standard property taxes, these governments instead remit service charges. These charges are typically computed as a percentage equivalent to the property tax that would otherwise be applied to private holdings.

Another key source of funding stems from the recommendations of the Central Finance Commissions. These commissions play a crucial role in determining the devolution of funds from the central government to various local bodies, including Cantonment Boards.

Finally, akin to other local self-governing bodies, Cantonment Boards also engage in their own revenue generation activities. While the precise mechanisms and magnitude of this self-generated revenue can differ across Boards, it forms an important component of their overall financial sustainability.

Question 14.

What is the main function of a Port Trust?

Ans:

A Port Trust primarily manages, operates, and develops a port’s infrastructure to ensure efficient and safe maritime trade.

Here’s a concise overview of its core functions:

Key Responsibilities of a Port Trust

• Infrastructure Management: They maintain and develop crucial port facilities like docks, warehouses, navigation channels, and internal transport links. This also includes managing essential cargo handling equipment.
• Operational Oversight: Port Trusts manage daily port activities such as vessel traffic, cargo loading/unloading, pilotage, and tug services. They also work with authorities on customs and security and provide vital utilities.
• Financial Autonomy: Typically self-funded, they are responsible for collecting dues and tariffs, managing their finances, and ensuring profitability to support continuous development.
• Regulatory and Developmental Role: They establish and enforce port regulations, plan for future expansion and modernization, promote trade, and implement environmental protection measures.

Question 15.

What is the main function of an Improvement Trust?

Ans:

The main function of an Improvement Trust is to promote and execute urban development schemes within its designated area. This typically involves:

• Planning and expanding urban areas: Creating master plans, carrying out surveys, and formulating schemes for town expansion.
• Providing essential services and amenities: Developing infrastructure like roads, bridges, drainage, sewerage, water supply, and public spaces (parks, etc.).
• Improving living conditions: Addressing issues like congestion, unsanitary dwellings, and overcrowding, often through redevelopment and slum clearance.
• Acquiring and managing land: Purchasing land necessary for development schemes and sometimes for sale or lease of plots.

Question 16.

Mention any two defects in the working of a local self­ government institutions.

Ans:

Here are two defects commonly observed in the working of local self-government institutions:

1. Lack of Financial Autonomy: Many local self-government bodies are heavily dependent on grants from state or central governments. This limited financial independence often restricts their ability to initiate and complete local development projects based on community needs, making them less effective in addressing local issues.
   
2. Political Interference and Corruption: Local self-government institutions can be susceptible to undue political influence from higher levels of government or local powerful individuals. This can lead to decisions being made based on political expediency rather than public good, and can also foster corruption, diverting resources meant for local development.

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

Question 1.
With regard to the Municipal Corporation answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by the Municipal Corporation ?
(b) What are the functions of a Mayor of a Corporation?
Ans:

Here’s a rephrased and unique answer to your questions about Municipal Corporations and the role of a Mayor, ensuring no plagiarism:

(a) Understanding the Municipal Corporation:

A Municipal Corporation serves as the foundational self-governing body for major urban centers and cities across India. Established through specific state-level legislation, it operates with a degree of autonomy to manage essential public services and develop urban infrastructure within its designated area. Its core mission revolves around providing vital amenities to city dwellers, fostering organized urban growth, and safeguarding the health and well-being of the populace.

Key aspects that define a Municipal Corporation include:

• Local Self-Governance: It embodies a system of local autonomy, empowering residents to actively participate in decisions that directly impact their urban environment.
• Representative Structure: Its members, known as councillors or corporators, are chosen by the city’s electorate through periodic local body elections, ensuring democratic representation.
• Financial Resources: The corporation generates its financial resources from diverse streams. These typically include property taxes, water charges, professional taxes, and in certain states, octroi duties. Additionally, it receives grants from the state government and collects fees for various services rendered.
• Service Provision: The scope of services provided by a Municipal Corporation is extensive, encompassing:
  • Ensuring water supply
  • Managing drainage and sewage systems
  • Handling solid waste collection and sanitation
  • Constructing and maintaining roads
  • Providing street lighting
  • Delivering public health services and operating hospitals
  • Overseeing primary education
  • Developing and maintaining parks and recreational facilities
  • Engaging in urban planning and development initiatives
  • Regulating building construction
  • Registering births and deaths

(b) The Responsibilities of a Corporation’s Mayor:

The Mayor holds the principal position within the Municipal Corporation, primarily serving a symbolic and ceremonial role, though the exact extent of powers can fluctuate based on the specific municipal laws of each state. The key functions performed by a Mayor typically involve:

1. Meeting Facilitator: The Mayor presides over the deliberations of the Municipal Corporation’s council meetings, ensuring adherence to established procedures and decorum.
2. City’s Representative: As the “first citizen” of the city, the Mayor acts as its official representative at various civic and governmental events, both locally and elsewhere.
3. Official Record Keeper: The Mayor is entrusted with the safekeeping of the Corporation’s official seal and is responsible for authenticating its records and documents.
4. Intergovernmental Link: Often, the Mayor serves as a crucial liaison between the Municipal Corporation and the state government, advocating for the city’s needs and seeking financial aid or governmental support.
5. Community Advocate: The Mayor gives voice to the city’s concerns and aspirations, communicating them to higher authorities and the general public.
6. Supervisory Role (Limited): While the day-to-day executive authority rests with the Municipal Commissioner (a state-appointed administrative officer), the Mayor provides general oversight of the Corporation’s operations and has the prerogative to raise questions or express concerns regarding its administration.
7. Crisis Leadership: During local emergencies or crises, the Mayor frequently steps forward to lead coordination efforts and address the community directly.

Question 2.

Describe the functions of a Municipal Corporation regarding:

(a) Public Health and Sanitation.

(b) Electricity and Water Supply.

(c) Education and Sports.

(d) Public Works.

(e) Record of Births and Deaths.

Ans:

Municipal Corporations are the bedrock of urban governance, tasked with delivering essential services and managing the infrastructure that keeps a city running smoothly. Here’s a breakdown of their key responsibilities:

(a) Public Health and Environmental Stewardship

Municipal Corporations are at the forefront of ensuring a city’s public health and maintaining a clean environment. This involves a comprehensive approach to solid waste management, from collecting and transporting refuse to its scientific disposal, with increasing efforts towards waste segregation, recycling, and composting. They are responsible for street sanitation, ensuring public spaces are regularly cleaned and maintained. A vital function is the development and upkeep of drainage and sewerage systems to prevent waterlogging and the spread of waterborne diseases. Beyond infrastructure, they actively engage in disease prevention and control through vaccination drives, public health awareness campaigns, and managing outbreaks. They also oversee the hygiene of food establishments through licensing and regulation, maintain public conveniences, and ensure the safe disposal of hazardous waste, particularly from healthcare facilities, to protect both citizens and the environment.

(b) Utility Management: Lighting and Water

While often collaborating with state electricity boards, Municipal Corporations play a crucial role in managing street lighting, including installation, maintenance, and repair, which is vital for public safety and visibility. They also coordinate with power suppliers to address public utility outages and infrastructure development. When it comes to water supply, the Corporation is a primary provider. Their responsibilities span the entire cycle: sourcing water from natural reservoirs, treating it to make it potable, and then distributing it through extensive pipeline networks to homes and businesses. They are also tasked with maintaining this vast infrastructure, promptly addressing leaks, and ensuring consistent water pressure. Furthermore, they manage water metering and billing, and actively promote water conservation through various initiatives to ensure sustainable water usage.

(c) Community Development: Education and Recreation

In the realm of education, Municipal Corporations are primarily responsible for the establishment and administration of primary schools within their jurisdiction. This includes providing adequate school facilities, appointing teaching staff, supplying educational resources, and overseeing foundational curricula. They often implement programs aimed at increasing school enrollment and reducing dropout rates, particularly among vulnerable populations. For sports and recreation, the Corporation is instrumental in developing and maintaining public recreational facilities such as parks, playgrounds, sports complexes, and swimming pools. They organize and support local sports events, tournaments, and coaching programs to encourage physical activity, promote healthy lifestyles, and identify and nurture local talent.

(d) Urban Infrastructure and Planning

Municipal Corporations are central to shaping the physical landscape of a city through public works. This includes the construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, and flyovers to ensure efficient transportation and connectivity. They are also responsible for developing and maintaining footpaths and pedestrian zones to ensure safe movement for residents. Beyond transport, they undertake various urban development projects, such as building public markets and community centers. A critical function is town planning, which involves establishing zoning regulations, managing land use, and approving building plans to foster orderly and sustainable urban growth. They also play a significant role in creating and maintaining green spaces like public parks and gardens, contributing to the city’s aesthetics and environmental well-being.

(e) Civil Registration: Births and Deaths

A fundamental and statutory function of the Municipal Corporation is the meticulous recording of vital events. They are legally mandated to register all births and deaths occurring within their municipal limits. This involves issuing birth certificates and death certificates, which are essential legal documents for establishing identity, proving age, claiming inheritance, and for various administrative and social purposes. These records are also invaluable for demographic studies, public health planning, and understanding population trends. The Corporation acts as the official custodian of this critical demographic data, ensuring its accuracy, integrity, and accessibility to citizens in accordance with legal provisions.

Question 3.

Describe the Discretionary Functions of a Municipal Corporation.

Ans:

Municipal Corporations in India have a dual mandate, balancing essential responsibilities with the flexibility to address diverse urban needs. Their core duties are classified into obligatory (or compulsory) functions, which are legally mandated for the fundamental well-being of residents, and discretionary (or optional) functions. The latter enable corporations to undertake initiatives based on available resources, local priorities, and specific community demands, thereby enriching the urban living experience beyond basic necessities.

Here’s an overview of the discretionary functions that a Municipal Corporation may choose to perform:

Advancement of Education and Culture: Beyond the provision of primary education, corporations can support higher learning, cultural enrichment, and physical education. This may involve establishing and funding libraries, museums, art galleries, botanical or zoological gardens, and promoting sports and cultural events within the city.

Public Leisure and Entertainment: Corporations have the option to provide public entertainment, such as music performances, and to establish and operate theaters and cinemas. They can also organize and manage fairs and exhibitions, in addition to maintaining public parks, gardens, sports stadiums, gymnasiums, and other recreational venues.

Community Welfare and Social Support: Municipal Corporations are empowered to construct and maintain various institutions designed for social welfare. These can include:

• Rest-houses and night shelters for the needy.
• Poor houses and infirmaries.
• Homes for children, including those with disabilities (e.g., deaf, visually impaired, physically challenged).
• Shelters for destitute and disabled individuals.
• Asylums for individuals with mental health conditions.
• Establishing and operating rescue homes.

Urban Development and Housing Initiatives: Corporations can undertake projects to provide housing for specific population groups or improve existing residential areas, particularly for economically disadvantaged communities. This extends to city-wide improvement schemes like urban renewal or slum upgrading, and providing accommodation for municipal staff.

Local Economic Promotion: Discretionary functions may involve fostering local economic activity through the organization and management of cottage industries, handicraft centers, and sales outlets. This can also include the construction and maintenance of storage facilities like warehouses and godowns.

Enhanced Public Health and Medical Services: While fundamental sanitation and disease control are obligatory, corporations can offer more extensive health services. This might include establishing and maintaining public hospitals and dispensaries, providing medical care beyond the primary level, and operating laboratories for analyzing water, food, and drugs for public health research or disease detection. Ambulance services and anti-rabies treatments can also fall under this category.

Environmental Stewardship: Beyond basic sanitation, corporations can engage in broader environmental efforts such as planting and maintaining trees along roadsides and in other public spaces, promoting urban forestry, and implementing various measures to safeguard the environment and promote ecological balance.

Civic Conveniences and Amenities: This category encompasses a range of facilities and services designed to improve citizen convenience and quality of life. Examples include:

• Construction and upkeep of public wash houses and bathing facilities.
• Organization and management of swimming pools.
• Construction and maintenance of garages, sheds, and parking areas for vehicles.
• Providing unfiltered water supply (where appropriate).
• Maintenance of cattle pounds.

Ceremonial Functions and Public Relations: Corporations may host civic receptions for distinguished individuals and organize other public ceremonies or exhibitions to promote civic pride and engagement.

Surveys and Data Gathering: This function allows corporations to conduct surveys of buildings and land, or to undertake population censuses within the municipal boundaries, aiding in planning and development.

Question 4.

With regard to a Municipality (Municipal Committee) answer the following questions:

(a) What is meant by a Municipal Committee ?

(b) What are the three Discretionary functions of a Municipal Committee ?

(c) What are the three Obligatory functions of a Municipal Committee ?

Ans:

(a) Understanding the Municipal Committee

A Municipal Committee, often known as a Municipality or Nagar Palika, is a vital component of local self-governance in India. Its primary role is to oversee the administration and development of smaller urban areas, including towns and less populous cities. These committees are established under specific state legislation, granting them the authority to provide essential civic amenities and services to their residents. While distinct from the larger Municipal Corporations that manage major metropolitan centers, Municipal Committees share the fundamental objective of localized governance, catering to urban localities with smaller populations and geographical footprints. They serve as a crucial link between the state government and the local populace, ensuring the delivery of fundamental services and fostering community progress.

(b) Three Discretionary Functions of a Municipal Committee

Discretionary functions are activities a Municipal Committee can undertake, provided it has the financial resources and the community’s specific needs warrant them. These aren’t legally mandated but significantly enhance the quality of life and promote the town’s overall development.

1. Cultivating Public Spaces and Cultural Enrichment: This involves the creation and upkeep of public areas like parks, gardens, and libraries, alongside cultural venues such as museums, art galleries, and recreational facilities like sports complexes or community centers. These initiatives enrich the town’s social and cultural fabric, offering spaces for recreation, learning, and collective engagement.
2. Launching Social Welfare and Development Programs: Municipal Committees have the flexibility to initiate and support various welfare initiatives. This might include establishing and operating facilities for vulnerable populations, such as orphanages, shelters for the homeless, or homes for the differently-abled. They may also conduct public awareness campaigns on topics like health, sanitation, or environmental protection, and provide backing for adult literacy programs.
3. Improving Urban Aesthetics and Environmental Quality: This encompasses efforts beyond basic sanitation, such as extensive tree planting drives, the creation of green belts, the installation of decorative street lighting, the construction of public fountains, or undertaking projects designed to elevate the visual appeal of communal areas. Furthermore, it includes measures to mitigate air and noise pollution and champion sustainable practices within the town’s boundaries.

(c) Three Obligatory Functions of a Municipal Committee

Obligatory functions are the statutory duties that a Municipal Committee is legally compelled to perform. These are indispensable services without which a town cannot operate efficiently, and they are critical for maintaining public health, safety, and fundamental living standards.

1. Ensuring Water Supply and Public Health Services: This constitutes a core responsibility, involving the assurance of a consistent and safe supply of potable water to all residents, the management and upkeep of water treatment facilities, and the establishment of public healthcare infrastructure like dispensaries and health clinics. This category also covers vaccination drives and measures aimed at preventing disease outbreaks.
2. Managing Sanitation, Drainage, and Waste: This entails the systematic collection, transport, and disposal of solid waste, the construction and maintenance of an efficient drainage and sewerage network for wastewater management, and the preservation of overall public cleanliness. Regular street sweeping and the upkeep of public toilet facilities also fall under this essential purview.
3. Constructing and Maintaining Roads and Street Illumination: A fundamental duty involves the construction, repair, and ongoing maintenance of public roadways, bridges, and culverts situated within the municipal limits. Equally vital is the provision and continuous maintenance of street lighting, which is crucial for ensuring public safety and visibility during nocturnal hours, thereby contributing to security and facilitating movement.

Question 5.

With regard to the composition of a Municipality(Municipal Committee), answer the following questions:

(a) How are the members of a Municipality elected?

(b) Who can be elected as Members of the Board (Council)?

(c) Who presides over the meeting of a Municipal Board and what are his powers and responsibilities?

Ans:

Here’s a concise and unique summary of the provided text:

A. Municipal Election Process: Municipal members, or councillors, are directly elected by residents of specific urban areas. The municipality is divided into wards, with each ward electing one representative. The State Election Commission oversees the entire process, ensuring fairness. Any registered voter in a ward can cast a ballot for their chosen candidate.

B. Eligibility for Municipal Membership: To be a Municipal Board member, one must be an Indian citizen, at least 21 years old, and registered on the electoral roll of any ward within that municipality. Candidates must also be free from disqualifications such as holding a government office for profit, being of unsound mind, being an undischarged insolvent, or having certain criminal convictions. Some states may also disqualify candidates with more than two children.

C. Role of the Presiding Officer (President/Chairperson/Mayor): The President (or Chairperson/Mayor in some cases) leads Municipal Board meetings, maintaining order and facilitating discussions. They manage the agenda, grant speaking turns, and announce vote outcomes. They are responsible for upholding discipline, representing the Board officially, and providing political direction and general oversight to the administration, which is handled by an appointed Chief Officer. They also oversee the accuracy of records and the implementation of Board decisions.

Question 6.

With regard to the functions and sources of income of a Municipality, answer the following questions;

(a) What are the functions of a Municipal Committee?

(b) What are the sources of income of a Municipality?

Ans:

(a) Responsibilities of a Municipal Committee:

A Municipal Committee, often termed a Municipal Council, serves as the local governing authority for smaller urban areas, dedicated to fostering the welfare and structured growth of its inhabitants. Its fundamental duties center on providing essential civic services. This primarily involves prioritizing public health and cleanliness through effective waste management, proper disposal systems, and ensuring the availability of safe drinking water. The committee also plays a vital role in establishing and maintaining local infrastructure, such as internal road networks, street illumination, and organized marketplaces. Additionally, it extends its services to community welfare, covering the provision of basic educational facilities, the upkeep of public green spaces like parks, and the crucial registration of births and deaths. Preliminary urban planning and the enforcement of local regulations are also within its domain.

(b) Income Sources for a Municipality:

Municipalities access diverse financial avenues to support their operations and development initiatives. A substantial part of their revenue originates from taxation, typically encompassing property taxes, water usage charges, and professional taxes applied to individuals and businesses. Fees and charges constitute another significant category, collected for specific services provided, such as building plan approvals, public market usage fees, and various business permits or licenses. Grants represent a crucial external funding stream, provided by both state and central governments to bolster a range of development projects and public services. Furthermore, non-tax revenue contributes to their financial stability, stemming from sources like rental income from municipal properties, interest generated from investments, and penalties imposed for breaches of local bylaws. Finally, for undertaking significant infrastructure developments, municipalities frequently obtain loans.

Question 7.

Although a legal framework for delegating Power to the People has been established, it is yet to be given an iron content. Explain briefly the limitations in efficient working of local self-governments under the following headlines:

(a)Unethical means adopted in elections

(b) Low rate of Literacy

(c) Suppressed position of rural women.

Ans:

Even with a legal foundation for empowering local communities, the effective functioning of local self-governments, such as Panchayats in rural areas and Municipalities/Corporations in urban areas, faces significant practical hurdles. These limitations prevent the full realization of the “power to the people” ideal.

Here are some key limitations:

(a) Unethical Means Adopted in Elections

Despite the democratic intent, local self-government elections are often marred by practices that undermine fairness and genuine representation. This can include:

• Vote Buying and Inducements: Candidates may offer money, goods, or other favors to voters in exchange for their support. This distorts the electoral process, as voters might be swayed by immediate personal gain rather than the candidate’s actual qualifications or proposed policies.
• Intimidation and Coercion: Voters, particularly from marginalized communities, can be subjected to threats or pressure to vote in a particular way. This stifles their freedom of choice and can lead to results that do not truly reflect the will of the people.
• Caste and Communal Politics: Elections are sometimes fought along caste, religious, or community lines, rather than on issues of development and governance. This can lead to the election of individuals who prioritize narrow group interests over the broader welfare of the community.
• Misinformation and Slander: The spread of false information or baseless accusations against opponents can manipulate public opinion and unfairly influence electoral outcomes.
• Dominance of Powerful Lobbies: Wealthy individuals, established political families, or influential local groups can exert undue influence over the election process, often sidelining genuine grassroots leaders.

These unethical practices lead to the election of less competent or less committed individuals, creating a local government that may not truly serve the community’s best interests.

(b) Low Rate of Literacy

A significant barrier to the effective functioning of local self-governments, especially in rural areas, is the persistence of low literacy rates among a segment of the population. This impacts various aspects:

• Limited Awareness of Rights and Schemes: Less literate citizens may not be fully aware of their rights as voters, the responsibilities of their elected representatives, or the various government schemes and benefits available to them through local bodies. This makes them more susceptible to exploitation or less likely to demand accountability.
• Difficulty in Understanding Policies and Proposals: Complex government policies, development plans, and administrative procedures can be challenging for those with limited literacy to comprehend. This hinders their ability to participate meaningfully in discussions, offer informed opinions, or scrutinize decisions made by their representatives.
• Reduced Participation in Deliberative Processes: Active participation in Gram Sabhas (village assemblies) or ward meetings, which are crucial for direct democracy at the local level, requires the ability to understand agendas, read notices, and articulate viewpoints. Low literacy can be a deterrent to such engagement.
• Vulnerability to Manipulation: Illiterate or semi-literate individuals may be more easily misled by propaganda or false promises during elections, making it difficult for them to make informed choices.
• Hindrance to Capacity Building: Training programs for elected representatives and citizens, which are vital for strengthening local governance, often rely on written materials and complex concepts, making them less accessible to those with low literacy.

(c) Suppressed Position of Rural Women

Despite constitutional provisions for reservation of seats for women in local self-governments, their effective participation and leadership are often curtailed by deeply entrenched societal norms and practices:

• Patriarchal Dominance: Traditional patriarchal structures in many rural areas mean that men often dominate decision-making processes, both within households and in public spheres. Elected women representatives may be seen as mere proxies for their husbands or male relatives (“Sarpanch Patis” or “Pati Pradhan”) who wield the actual power.
• Limited Mobility and Exposure: Rural women often have restricted mobility due to social customs or household responsibilities, limiting their ability to attend meetings, interact with officials, or gain exposure to governance issues beyond their immediate surroundings.
• Lack of Confidence and Capacity Building: Years of marginalization can lead to a lack of self-confidence in public speaking or asserting their views. Additionally, specific capacity-building programs tailored to the unique challenges faced by rural women in leadership are often insufficient.
• Increased Domestic Burden: Women elected to local bodies often have to juggle their official duties with significant household responsibilities, making it challenging to dedicate sufficient time and energy to their public roles.
• Social Barriers and Harassment: Women representatives may face subtle or overt forms of discrimination, ridicule, or harassment from male colleagues or community members, discouraging their active participation.

Question 8.

There are many defects in the working of local self ­government institutions. Analyse them under the following headlines:

(a) Communal and Caste factors.

(b) Role of Money in Elections

(c)  Paucity of funds.

Ans:

Local self-governance bodies, while fundamental to democratic participation at the grassroots level, frequently encounter significant operational hurdles. These challenges can be analyzed under several key aspects:

(a) Communal and Caste Dynamics

• Divisive Electoral Practices: Rather than concentrating on local progress and pressing civic matters, elections for regional administrative bodies are frequently swayed by appeals to religious and caste allegiances. Candidates may exploit existing societal divisions to secure votes, resulting in highly polarized campaigns that detract from substantive policy discussions.
• Imbalanced Representation: This intense focus on specific identities can lead to elected representatives prioritizing the concerns of their own community or caste group above the collective well-being of the entire locality. Such partiality can result in an unfair allocation of resources and development initiatives across different segments of the population.
• Compromised Governance Effectiveness: When decisions are influenced by sectarian or caste considerations, instead of being based on merit or genuine public necessity, the capacity of the local authority to effectively address crucial civic issues (such as waste management, water provision, or road infrastructure) can be severely undermined. This environment fosters mistrust and impedes collaborative problem-solving.

(b) Influence of Money in Elections

• Unequal Competitive Landscape: The substantial role of financial resources often creates an inherent advantage for affluent candidates or those supported by wealthy factions. This makes it challenging for deserving individuals with fewer financial means to compete fairly, thereby restricting the scope for diverse and authentic representation.
• Corruption and Illicit Practices: The large sums of money injected into electoral campaigns can be linked to various unlawful activities, including vote purchasing, bribery of officials, or employing clandestine methods to sway voters. Such practices erode the integrity of the electoral process and undermine the core principles of democracy.
• Deficiencies in Accountability: Once elected, individuals who have invested heavily in their campaigns may feel pressured to recoup their expenditures. This can potentially lead to corrupt practices, favoritism, or a diminished sense of accountability towards the citizenry, shifting their focus from public service to personal financial recovery or gain.

(c) Insufficiency of Funds

• Restricted Financial Autonomy: Local self-governance bodies frequently depend heavily on financial allocations from state governments, which can severely limit their fiscal independence and decision-making capabilities. Delays in receiving funds or inadequate grants can cripple their ability to initiate and complete vital projects.
• Ineffective Revenue Generation: Many local administrations struggle to efficiently generate their own revenue through local taxes (like property levies), service charges, or other localized income streams. This challenge can stem from inefficient collection mechanisms, outdated tax frameworks, political reluctance to implement or increase taxes, or a limited local economic base.
• Impaired Development Progress: A persistent scarcity of funds directly impacts the capacity of these institutions to deliver essential services and pursue developmental programs. Initiatives related to vital infrastructure, public health, educational facilities, and sanitation often suffer, leading to substandard civic amenities and a reduced quality of life for residents. Furthermore, it hinders their ability to attract skilled professionals or invest in contemporary technologies for improved governance.

Question 9.

Describe the shortcomings (limitations in efficient working) of the Panchayati Raj System with reference to the following:

(a) Unethical Means adopted in elections

(b) Poverty and Illiteracy in the country

(c) Communal trends in voting.

Ans:

The Panchayati Raj System, designed to foster grassroots democracy and local self-governance, often faces significant hurdles that impede its effective functioning. These limitations stem from various socio-political and economic factors, impacting its ability to deliver on its mandate.

(a) Unethical Means Adopted in Elections

The integrity of the Panchayati Raj System is frequently compromised by the prevalence of unethical practices during local elections. These methods undermine the very foundation of democratic representation and hinder the selection of truly capable and public-spirited individuals.

• Distortion of Mandate: Practices such as vote-buying, intimidation of voters, and the misuse of official power or resources by influential candidates or their supporters corrupt the electoral process. This often leads to the election of individuals who may not genuinely represent the will of the people or possess the necessary commitment to public service.
• Prioritization of Self-Interest: When elected representatives secure their positions through illicit means, their primary allegiance may shift from serving the community to recouping their investments or advancing personal agendas. This detracts from their core responsibilities in local governance, such as managing civic amenities, planning development projects, and ensuring equitable resource distribution.
• Erosion of Trust: Such malpractices erode public trust in the electoral system and the institutions it creates. Citizens may become disillusioned, leading to apathy and reduced participation in local decision-making, which is crucial for the success of grassroots democracy.

(b) Poverty and Illiteracy in the Country

The pervasive issues of poverty and illiteracy significantly undermine the efficient working of the Panchayati Raj System, affecting both voter engagement and the quality of leadership.

• Voter Vulnerability: In areas marked by widespread poverty, voters can become susceptible to monetary inducements or other forms of material incentives offered by candidates. This compromises their ability to make informed choices based on a candidate’s qualifications, vision, or track record, instead influencing their vote through short-term gains.
• Lack of Informed Participation: Illiteracy acts as a major barrier to effective civic engagement. It limits citizens’ awareness of their rights, the responsibilities of their elected representatives, and the various functions and schemes operated by the Panchayati Raj institutions. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult for them to hold their representatives accountable or participate meaningfully in local development initiatives.
• Perpetuation of Status Quo: The combination of poverty and illiteracy can lead to a perpetuation of existing power structures, where the marginalized segments of society struggle to assert their voice or challenge entrenched interests. This can result in a leadership that is not truly representative of the diverse needs and aspirations of the entire community.

(c) Communal Trends in Voting

Communalism, whether based on caste, religion, or other narrow community identities, poses a severe threat to the inclusive and efficient functioning of the Panchayati Raj System.

• Divisive Electoral Narratives: Elections at the local level often witness candidates appealing to communal sentiments rather than focusing on tangible development issues or administrative competencies. This strategy aims to consolidate votes from specific identity groups, leading to fragmented electoral outcomes that prioritize group loyalty over collective progress.
• Skewed Development Priorities: When elected representatives are chosen primarily along communal lines, their decision-making in the Panchayats may reflect the interests of their specific community or caste, potentially neglecting the needs of other groups within the same locality. This can lead to an uneven distribution of resources, facilities, and development projects, exacerbating social inequalities.
• Hindrance to Collective Action: The emphasis on communal identity can foster an environment of distrust and rivalry among different sections of the community. This makes it challenging for the Panchayats to forge consensus, mobilize collective action, and implement inclusive development plans that benefit all residents, regardless of their caste or religious affiliation. It can transform local bodies into arenas of identity politics rather than forums for collaborative problem-solving.

Additional Questions

Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Define the term ‘Urban area
Ans:

An urban area is a densely populated human settlement featuring a significant amount of human-made infrastructure. It stands in contrast to rural areas, which are defined by lower population densities and a prevalence of natural or agricultural landscapes.

Here are the hallmarks of an urban area:

• Elevated Population Density: A substantial number of individuals reside within a comparatively small geographical footprint.
• Developed Infrastructure: Extensive constructions such as residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, along with intricate networks of roads, bridges, public transit, and essential utilities like electricity, water, and sanitation, are commonplace.
• Non-Agricultural Economic Focus: The primary livelihoods of residents are typically centered around manufacturing (secondary sector) and service industries (tertiary sector), including finance and administration, rather than farming.
• Varied Land Utilization: Urban locales integrate diverse functions, encompassing residential zones, commercial hubs, industrial districts, recreational spaces, and administrative centers.
• Rich Social and Cultural Tapestry: These areas frequently draw individuals from various origins, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds, fostering a vibrant and diverse social environment.
• Sophisticated Amenities and Services: Urban centers generally offer enhanced access to crucial services such as healthcare, educational institutions, transportation networks, and communication technologies.
• Increased Living Expenses: Due to heightened demand and limited space, the costs associated with housing, goods, and services tend to be higher.
• Constant Activity and Sound: Urban settings are frequently characterized by continuous movement, traffic congestion, and ambient noise.

Question 2.

Mention any two salient features of the Constitution (74th Amendment Act), 1992.

Ans:

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act of 1992 was a landmark reform that granted constitutional recognition to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), primarily municipalities, with the aim of strengthening democratic governance at the urban grassroots. This pivotal legislation sought to decentralize power and establish a standardized framework for urban administration.

Two significant features of the 74th Amendment Act of 1992 are:

1. Constitutional Entrenchment and Standardized Urban Governance Structures: The amendment formally embedded municipalities within the Constitution, shifting them from being mere creations of diverse state laws to constitutionally mandated entities. This provided a consistent and robust legal foundation for their operations nationwide. To ensure uniformity and cater to different urban scales, the Act mandated a three-tiered municipal system across all states:
   • Municipal Councils: For smaller urban areas.
   • Municipal Corporations: For large urban centers. This structured approach provided a consistent and stable organizational base for urban governance across the country.
2. Guaranteed Democratic Functioning, Inclusive Representation, and Financial Autonomy: The amendment introduced crucial provisions to ensure the democratic functioning and financial viability of ULBs. It mandated regular elections for municipalities every five years, with a strict requirement to hold new elections within six months if a body is dissolved, thereby preventing arbitrary state interventions. To promote inclusivity, the Act mandated reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population, and notably, reserved at least one-third of the total seats for women. These provisions aimed to ensure the participation of historically underrepresented groups. Furthermore, to address the chronic financial challenges faced by ULBs, the Act made it obligatory for states to establish a State Finance Commission every five years. This commission’s role is to assess the financial health of municipalities and recommend principles for the allocation of funds, taxes, duties, and grants from the state government, thus providing a more predictable and stable financial footing for municipalities to discharge their duties effectively.

Question 3.

How is a Municipal Corporation set up ?

Ans:

In India, Municipal Corporations, vital for managing large urban areas, are primarily established under the framework of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. This amendment constitutionally empowered urban local bodies.

The actual setup is then detailed by individual State Legislatures, as local governance is a state subject. State laws define criteria like population size, density, non-agricultural employment, and financial viability for an area to be declared a Municipal Corporation through an official gazette notification.

The corporation is composed of Councillors (Corporators), directly elected from wards for a five-year term, with reserved seats for SC, ST, Backward Classes, and women. A Mayor serves as the ceremonial head, with their election method varying by state. The Municipal Commissioner, typically an IAS officer appointed by the State Government, acts as the chief executive, overseeing daily administration. Various committees are also formed to manage specific functions.

Question 4.

Who is known as Mayor ? State one of his most important functions ?

Ans:

A Mayor is the chief official, often elected, who heads a municipal government like a city or town. They serve as the “first citizen” of the city.

One of their most important functions, especially in the Indian context, is to act as the ceremonial head and representative of the city. This includes presiding over civic meetings and officially representing the city during events, including receiving foreign dignitaries. While executive powers often lie with a Municipal Commissioner in India, the Mayor plays a crucial role in upholding the city’s dignity and acting as its public face.

Question 5.

Who is the Municipal Commissioner ? How is he appointed?

Ans:

Here’s a unique and concise description of the Municipal Commissioner’s role in Pune, reflecting the current situation:

The Pune Municipal Commissioner, currently Shri Naval Kishore Ram (IAS), serves as the city’s chief executive, appointed by the Government of Maharashtra. Distinct from the elected Mayor who provides political direction, the Commissioner, an IAS officer, is the administrative architect. This role involves meticulously overseeing all civic operations, from essential services like water and sanitation to urban planning and financial management. They are the driving force behind policy implementation, managing a vast workforce, and ensuring the seamless delivery of services to Pune’s citizens, providing professional continuity and the operational backbone for the city’s complex urban governance.

Question 6.

Name one compulsory and one optional function of the Municipal Corporation.

Ans:

Here’s a rephrased and unique perspective on compulsory and optional functions, focusing on their core principles:

Compulsory (Obligatory) Function

Core Principle: These functions are the bedrock of a stable and healthy society, directly addressing the non-negotiable needs for survival and basic public order. Their consistent provision prevents immediate and widespread distress or collapse.

Example: Providing reliable waste management and sanitation services. This goes beyond mere convenience; it’s a critical bulwark against the spread of disease, environmental degradation, and the decay of public spaces. Without it, communities face an inevitable decline in health, livability, and overall societal function.

Optional (Discretionary) Function

Core Principle: These functions contribute to societal enrichment and progress, elevating the overall quality of life once fundamental needs are secured. Their implementation often depends on available resources, community aspirations, and strategic long-term planning.

Example: Supporting community-driven green initiatives like urban parks or cycling infrastructure. While these contribute significantly to physical well-being, environmental sustainability, and social cohesion, they are typically developed after essential services such as public safety, sanitation, and core utilities are firmly established and funded. These initiatives reflect a community’s capacity and desire to invest in a more vibrant and sustainable future.

Question 7.

What is known as the Municipal Committee ? Who is its head?

Ans:

In India, a Municipal Committee, also known as a Municipal Council, Nagar Palika, or Nagar Parishad, is an urban local self-governing body responsible for administering smaller urban centers, such as towns or smaller district cities. These bodies typically cater to populations ranging from approximately 20,000 to 100,000, though specific state regulations may alter these thresholds. They are distinct from the larger Municipal Corporations that govern major metropolitan areas.

Operating as a democratic self-government unit, the Municipal Committee undertakes various duties and responsibilities for its local population, as mandated by the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1993. These responsibilities generally encompass:

• Civic Services: Provision of essential services including water supply, drainage systems, street illumination, sanitation, solid waste management, and public health initiatives.
• Infrastructure Development: Upkeep and maintenance of local roads, markets, and other public infrastructure.
• Urban Planning: Regulation of land use, building construction, and strategic planning for local economic and social growth.
• Public Amenities: Management of public spaces like parks, playgrounds, and the implementation of public welfare schemes.
• Record Keeping: Maintenance of vital statistics such as birth and death records.

The leadership of a Municipal Committee is bifurcated into a political and an administrative head:

Political Head: The Chairperson / President

The Chairperson, or President, serves as the elected political leader of the Municipal Committee. This individual is typically chosen by the elected members of the Municipal Committee from within their ranks, representing different wards of the town. In some states, however, the Chairperson may be directly elected by the public. The Chairperson presides over the committee’s meetings and acts as the primary voice of the local populace in the decision-making processes of the committee.

Administrative Head: The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) / Chief Officer

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO), or Chief Officer, holds the position of the administrative head of the Municipal Committee. This role is filled by an appointed official, usually drawn from the state public services by the respective state government. The CEO is tasked with the day-to-day administration, ensuring the implementation of the committee’s decisions, and overseeing the various departments and staff within the municipality. Their core responsibility lies in guaranteeing the efficient delivery of services and the effective execution of development programs.

Question 8.

Who is the Chief Executive Officer of a Municipal Committee ?

Ans:

Role and Responsibilities

The Executive Officer is a civil servant appointed by the state government. Their primary function is the day-to-day administration of the municipality and the implementation of policies and decisions made by the Municipal Committee.

Key responsibilities include:

• Financial and Administrative Oversight: Managing the municipality’s finances and operations.
• Policy Execution: Putting into effect resolutions passed by the Municipal Committee.
• Record Keeping: Maintaining municipal accounts and registers.
• Project Supervision: Overseeing municipal works and development schemes.
• Document Custody: Safekeeping official municipal documents and the common seal.
• Fund Management: Handling the disbursement of municipal funds with approval.
• Reporting Irregularities: Notifying superiors of any financial misconduct or loss.
• Supporting Elected Officials: Assisting the President and Municipal Committee in their duties.
• Legal Compliance: Flagging any actions that may violate municipal or other laws to the government.

Question 9.

Give two points of difference between a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation.

Ans:

Here are two key differences between a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation, presented concisely and uniquely:

1. Scale of Operation: A Municipal Corporation is established for large cities with significant populations (often exceeding one million), handling complex urban needs. In contrast, a Municipal Committee (or Municipal Council/Board) governs smaller towns or cities with comparatively smaller populations and simpler administrative requirements.
2. Executive Authority: While both have elected representatives, the executive authority often differs. In a Municipal Corporation, the day-to-day administration and implementation of policies are primarily handled by a Municipal Commissioner, an officer appointed by the state government (typically an IAS officer), while the Mayor is largely a ceremonial head. In a Municipal Committee, the Chairperson/President generally holds more executive power in addition to presiding over meetings, and the administrative head (often a Chief Executive Officer) has relatively less independent authority compared to a Municipal Commissioner.

Question 10.

State one important function of a Municipal Committee.

Ans:

One important function of a Municipal Committee is to ensure the provision of essential public services like clean drinking water, sanitation, and street lighting for the residents within its jurisdiction.

Question 11.

Name the self-government body in an area having military establishment.

Ans:

A Cantonment Board is a distinct local governing body established under the authority of India’s Ministry of Defence. Its core mission is to provide municipal services and civic administration within areas that primarily house military personnel and installations, while also accommodating civilian residents.

What makes a Cantonment Board unique is its dual nature: it acts as a civic administrative entity for its inhabitants, much like a municipality, yet it operates directly under the central government’s defense apparatus. This structure ensures that while meeting the everyday needs of both armed forces and the civilian populace, the governance aligns with the strategic requirements of the military presence. Its responsibilities typically span across essential services such as public health, sanitation, water supply, education, and infrastructure maintenance, balancing the demands of a civilian community with the distinct environment of a military area.

Question 12.

What is the minimum age to be eligible to stand for Municipal Elections ?

Ans:

In India, to be eligible to stand for Municipal Elections, a person must have attained the age of 21 years.

This is a crucial point of eligibility for local self-government bodies, including Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats. Other general criteria usually include being a citizen of India and being registered in the ward electoral roll. Disqualifications can also apply based on various laws, such as holding an office of profit or being an undischarged insolvent.

Question 13.

Give one point of difference between a Town area Committee and the Notified Area Committee

Ans:

The most significant difference between a Town Area Committee and a Notified Area Committee in India lies in their establishment and composition.

• Town Area Committee: It is typically established by a separate act passed by the state legislature. Its composition can vary, being either wholly elected, wholly nominated, or partly elected and partly nominated, as specified by the state government through the act. It’s generally created for the administration of a small town and has a more limited set of civic functions.
• Notified Area Committee: It is created by a notification in the government gazette (an executive order) and is almost always an entirely nominated body. It’s usually set up for fast-developing areas that haven’t yet met the full criteria for becoming a municipality but are considered important for urban development, often due to industrialization. Its powers can be equivalent to those of a municipality, but it lacks the elected representation often found in a Town Area Committee.

Question 14.

Where can you find a Cantonment Board ? bow is a Cantonment Board set llP

Ans:

In India, a Cantonment Board is a unique local self-government body specifically established under the Cantonments Act, 2006, to administer military stations that also house significant civilian populations. Unlike other urban local bodies, it operates under the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, rather than state governments. Its distinct feature is a mixed composition of both military and elected civilian members, ensuring the balanced governance of these historically significant areas.

Question 15.

What is known as Improvement Trust ?

Ans:

An Improvement Trust is a statutory body, typically established by a government, to plan, regulate, and execute urban development and improvement schemes within a designated area.

In essence, it’s a specialized agency focused on:

• Planned Urban Development: Creating and implementing comprehensive schemes for the organized growth and betterment of towns and cities. This includes developing new residential and commercial areas, planning roads, and creating public spaces.
• Infrastructure Provision: Ensuring the provision of essential urban infrastructure and amenities, such as water supply, drainage, sewerage, parks, and street lighting.
• Slum Clearance and Re-housing: Addressing issues of congestion and unsanitary conditions, often through slum clearance and re-housing schemes for displaced residents.
• Land Management: Acquiring, developing, and disposing of land for various urban purposes, including residential, commercial, and public utility projects.
• Regulating Construction: Overseeing and regulating building activities to ensure planned and authorized development.

Question 16.

What are the functions of the Improvement Trust ?

Ans:

An Improvement Trust is a dedicated government agency focused on urban development projects that typically fall outside the day-to-day operations of local municipalities.

Core Functions

Improvement Trusts are primarily responsible for:

• Strategic Urban Planning: They create and update master plans to guide an urban area’s future growth, land use, and infrastructure. This involves surveys and adjustments to accommodate evolving needs.
• Project Implementation: They conceive, approve, and carry out various urban schemes. These include:
  • Expanding Towns: Designing new layouts in undeveloped areas to manage population increases.
  • Slum Upgrading: Addressing poor housing conditions through clearance and redevelopment.
  • Infrastructure Building: Developing essential amenities like roads, bridges, drainage, water supply, and street lighting.
  • Green Spaces: Establishing parks and recreational areas for public use.
  • Commercial & Public Facilities: Creating markets and other community conveniences.
• Land Management: They can acquire land (even compulsorily when necessary) for their projects, reconfigure plots, and then sell, lease, or exchange these properties.
• Development Oversight: They enforce regulations to control construction, prevent unauthorized building, stop improper land use, and ensure adherence to planned development, including powers to demolish illegal structures.
• Financial Sourcing: They generate funds for their projects, often through land transactions (like leasing plots) and by imposing betterment charges on properties that appreciate due to their improvements.
• Environmental Initiatives: They may also engage in activities such as tree planting to improve the urban environment.

Question 17.

Differentiate between Local Self-Government and Local Government.

Ans:

Here’s a concise differentiation between Local Self-Government and Local Government:

Local Government is a broader term referring to the administration of a local area. This can include:

• Deconcentration: Functions of a central or state government are carried out by officials appointed by and responsible to the higher authority, but operating locally (e.g., a district collector acting as an agent of the state).
• Decentralization: Some powers are transferred to local bodies, but these bodies might still be heavily controlled by the central or state government.

Local Self-Government is a specific type of local government that emphasizes democratic decentralization. Its core characteristics are:

• Elected Representatives: The local bodies are composed of representatives directly elected by the local population.
• Autonomy: These elected bodies have a significant degree of independence and discretion to manage local affairs, including legislative, administrative, and financial powers.
• Accountability to Local People: Their primary accountability is to the local electorate, rather than solely to a higher level of government.

Question 18.

Mention any two advantages of Local Self-Government.

Ans:

Here are two advantages of Local Self-Government:

1. Tailored Solutions for Local Needs: Local self-governments are closest to the people and thus have the best understanding of specific community issues and priorities. This allows them to develop and implement policies and services that are directly relevant and effective for their residents, rather than relying on a “one-size-fits-all” approach from central or state governments.
2. Enhanced Citizen Participation and Accountability: By operating at a grassroots level, local self-government provides more opportunities for citizens to directly participate in decision-making processes, express their concerns, and hold their elected representatives accountable. This fosters a stronger sense of civic engagement and makes governance more responsive and transparent to the community.

Question 19.

What is meant by the Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?

Ans:

The Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj is India’s decentralized rural local self-governance structure. It aims to bring democracy and development closer to the grassroots level by establishing elected bodies at three distinct administrative tiers:

1. Gram Panchayat (Village Level): This is the lowest tier, directly responsible for the administration and development of a single village or a group of small villages.
2. Panchayat Samiti (Block/Intermediate Level): This tier operates at the block or intermediate level, coordinating and supervising the activities of the Gram Panchayats within its jurisdiction.
3. Zila Parishad (District Level): This is the highest tier at the district level, overseeing and planning overall development for the entire district. It acts as a link between the state government and the lower two tiers of the Panchayati Raj.

Question 20

Name any two institutions of Local Self-Government in rural areas.

Ans:

India’s rural local self-governance is built on two key institutions:

Gram Panchayat

The Gram Panchayat is the fundamental village-level self-governing body. It directly manages and develops individual villages. Its functions include:

• Local Governance: Providing civic amenities like water, sanitation, and street lighting, and maintaining community assets.
• Economic Development: Boosting agriculture, animal husbandry, and cottage industries, and implementing poverty reduction and employment schemes.
• Social Welfare: Working for the betterment of marginalized groups, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and children.
• Basic Services: Offering primary education, healthcare, and maintaining vital records.

Zila Parishad

At the district level, the Zila Parishad acts as a supervisory and administrative body. It coordinates and oversees the work of Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis (block-level bodies). Its core responsibilities include:

• District-level Planning: Creating development plans for the entire district by integrating schemes from lower tiers.
• Oversight and Coordination: Supervising development program implementation by lower bodies and offering guidance.
• Resource Allocation: Managing and distributing funds for various development projects across the district.
• Infrastructure Development: Taking on larger projects like building and maintaining district roads, bridges, and major irrigation systems.
• Link to State Government: Serving as a crucial link between local self-government bodies and the state government, facilitating information and resource flow.

Question 21.

Explain the term ‘Gram Sabha’.

Ans:

In India, a Gram Sabha is the general assembly of all adult residents (18 years and above) whose names are included in the electoral rolls for a particular village or group of villages under a Gram Panchayat. It’s essentially the foundation of local self-governance at the village level, embodying direct democracy.

Key aspects:

• Members: All registered voters in a village, not elected representatives.
• Purpose: It acts as a legislative body, discussing and making decisions on village development, welfare schemes, budget approval, and holding the elected Gram Panchayat accountable.
• Powers: State legislatures define its exact powers, but generally, it reviews and approves plans, identifies beneficiaries for government programs, monitors the Gram Panchayat’s finances and activities, and ensures transparency.
• Importance: It’s crucial for democratic decentralization, allowing villagers to directly participate in decision-making and ensuring that local governance genuinely reflects the needs and aspirations of the community.

Question 22.

Mention any two functions of a Gram Sabha.

Ans:

Here are two functions of a Gram Sabha:

1. Overseeing and Approving Village Development Plans: The Gram Sabha plays a crucial role in local planning. It reviews and approves the annual budget, development schemes, and programs proposed by the Gram Panchayat for the village. This ensures that the development initiatives align with the needs and priorities of the villagers, promoting transparency and accountability in resource allocation.
2. Identifying Beneficiaries for Welfare Schemes: It is responsible for identifying eligible beneficiaries for various government welfare schemes and programs meant for the village. This direct involvement helps ensure that the benefits reach the intended recipients, particularly the marginalized and vulnerable sections of the community, and minimizes the chances of corruption or favoritism.

Question 23.

Who elects the members of a Gram Panchayat?

Ans:

In a Gram Panchayat, the villagers directly elect their representatives. The body of eligible voters, referred to as the Gram Sabha, consists of all adult residents aged 18 and over who are registered to vote in that particular village or ward. These citizens participate in elections to choose their representatives, which include the Ward Members (Panchs) and, in most Indian states, the Sarpanch (President), who heads the Panchayat.

Question 24.

What is the Head of a Village Panchayat called?

Ans:

Here’s a rephrased and unique version of the provided text, focusing on delivering the same information without plagiarism:

Across the diverse administrative tapestry of India, the leadership of a Village Panchayat is most widely acknowledged by the title Sarpanch.

However, India’s rich linguistic and governance variations are clearly reflected in the alternative names used for this crucial position. For example, in the northern regions, including Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and segments of Haryana and Punjab, the leader is frequently known as the Gram Pradhan. Moving southward, states such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal generally refer to the head as the Panchayat President. 

Regardless of the particular nomenclature, the fundamental role of this individual remains consistent. They serve as the democratically chosen chairperson of the Gram Panchayat, forming the essential cornerstone of local self-governance. Their responsibilities include spearheading developmental initiatives, ensuring the effective functioning of village administration, and championing the welfare of the village community.

Question 25.

Name any two ex-officio members of a Gram Panchayat.

Ans:

Ex-Officio Roles in the Gram Panchayat

While Panchs and the Sarpanch/Gram Pradhan are the directly elected bedrock of a Gram Panchayat, the concept of “ex-officio” membership is more commonly observed in the higher echelons of the Panchayati Raj system, like the Panchayat Samiti or Zilla Parishad.

At the village level, the Gram Sevak (also known as the Panchayat Secretary) stands out as a pivotal government appointee. This individual functions as the Gram Panchayat’s secretary and lead administrator. Though they don’t hold voting privileges or the same decision-making authority as the elected Panchs, their attendance at meetings is a direct consequence of their official position—an ex-officio responsibility. Their contributions are vital for executing essential administrative duties.

Therefore, within the framework of a Gram Panchayat, the Gram Sevak (Panchayat Secretary) can be considered an ex-officio functionary. It’s crucial to distinguish this from being a voting member on par with elected representatives. The vast majority of Gram Panchayat members are elected, and the specific laws governing their formation can vary from one Indian state to another.

Question 26.

Mention any two Civic and Welfare functions of a Gram Panchayat

Ans:

Here are two civic and welfare functions of a Gram Panchayat, explained without plagiarism and with a focus on uniqueness:

1. Ensuring Local Sanitation and Hygiene: A primary civic function of a Gram Panchayat is to oversee and promote public health and sanitation within its village. This includes managing village clean-up drives, ensuring the proper disposal of solid waste (e.g., through community waste pits or collection systems), maintaining village roads and drains to prevent waterlogging and unsanitary conditions, and encouraging the construction and use of individual household latrines. This proactive role directly contributes to preventing the spread of diseases and improving the overall living environment for residents.
2. Facilitating Access to Basic Welfare Schemes: On the welfare front, a Gram Panchayat plays a crucial role in connecting eligible villagers with various government social welfare programs. This involves identifying beneficiaries for schemes related to poverty alleviation, old-age pensions, widow pensions, housing for the needy, and food security programs. The Gram Panchayat often assists residents in filling out applications, verifying eligibility, and coordinating with higher-level government departments to ensure that benefits reach the intended recipients, thereby acting as a vital bridge between the state and the vulnerable sections of the village community.

Question 27.

Mention any two Developmental functions of a Gram Panchayat.

Ans:

Here are two core developmental functions of a Gram Panchayat:

Driving Local Progress through Infrastructure

Gram Panchayats are instrumental in building and maintaining essential village infrastructure. They pinpoint what’s needed most—think village roads, community water sources like wells, streetlights, and shared spaces such as community halls or health centers. Rather than waiting for large-scale government projects, the Panchayat takes charge, from identifying the specific needs of the villagers to securing funds and overseeing the construction or repair. They ensure these small yet vital projects are completed efficiently and to a high standard, directly improving the everyday lives of the community.

Bridging the Gap for Welfare and Development

A key role of the Gram Panchayat is to act as the local conduit for government welfare and development programs. They connect villagers with various state and central schemes, whether it’s housing for the less fortunate, pensions for the elderly, sanitation initiatives, or employment programs like MGNREGA. The Panchayat helps identify who qualifies, assists with applications, and ensures that benefits are distributed fairly and transparently. Beyond just administration, they actively promote awareness about these schemes, encouraging broad participation and even organizing local events to make sure these vital programs effectively reach and uplift the rural population.

Question 28.

Mention any two Regulatory or General Administrative functions of a Village Panchayat.

Ans:

Here are two key regulatory or general administrative functions of a Village Panchayat:

1. Preparation of Annual Plans and Budget: The Village Panchayat is responsible for drafting annual development plans for its area, identifying local needs and priorities. This includes preparing the annual budget to allocate funds for various community works, services, and schemes.
2. Maintenance of Essential Statistics and Records: Panchayats maintain crucial village records, such as birth and death registrations, population census data, crop census information, and details of residents below the poverty line. They also play a role in maintaining community assets like roads, drains, and public buildings.

Question 29.

What is the function of a Nyaya Panchayat?

Ans:

A Nyaya Panchayat primarily functions as a grassroots judicial body in rural India. Its core purpose is to provide speedy, inexpensive, and accessible justice for minor civil and criminal disputes at the village level.

Key functions include:

• Resolving minor disputes: They handle cases like petty theft, simple assault, property disagreements, and family issues.
• Promoting conciliation: A significant focus is on encouraging amicable settlements and compromises between parties to maintain community harmony.
• Reducing burden on formal courts: By addressing minor cases locally, they help alleviate the caseload of higher courts.
• Considering local customs: Decisions often reflect local traditions and values, increasing their social acceptance within the community.
• Simplified procedures: They operate with less formality than regular courts, making the process less intimidating and quicker for villagers.

Question 30.

Mention any two sources of income of a Gram Panchayat.

Ans:

Here are two primary sources of income for a Gram Panchayat:

1. Grants from Central and State Governments: A significant portion of a Gram Panchayat’s income comes from financial grants provided by both the Union (Central) and State Governments. These grants are often based on recommendations from the Central Finance Commission and State Finance Commissions, and they are typically earmarked for specific development programs and schemes in rural areas (e.g., water supply, sanitation, road construction, etc.).
2. Local Taxes and Fees: Gram Panchayats have the authority to levy and collect various local taxes and fees within their jurisdiction. Common examples include:
   • House/Property Tax: A tax on houses and vacant plots.
   • Professional Tax: A tax on individuals engaged in various professions and trades.
   • Water Tax/Rate: Charges for water supply services.
   • Market Fees: Fees collected from shops and vendors in local markets or fairs.
   • License Fees: Fees for various licenses issued by the Gram Panchayat.

Question 31.

Name the intermediate level institution of the Panchayati Raj.

Ans:

The Panchayat Samiti serves as the middle tier within India’s three-tiered Panchayati Raj system. It forms a crucial connection, bridging the gap between the grassroots Village Panchayats (at the local village level) and the overarching Zila Parishad (at the district level). Operating at the block or tehsil administrative division, the Panchayat Samiti holds key responsibilities for the execution of various development programs and the coordination of activities across its designated area.

Question 32.

Who are the ex-officio members of a Panchayat Samiti?

Ans:

In India’s Panchayati Raj system, a Panchayat Samiti operates at the block level and comprises various members, some of whom are “ex-officio.” The term “ex-officio” means “by virtue of one’s office.” These members hold their position in the Panchayat Samiti automatically because of another office they already hold.

Here’s a breakdown of the typical ex-officio members of a Panchayat Samiti:

• Sarpanches (or Chairpersons) of the Gram Panchayats within the Block: All the heads of the village-level Gram Panchayats that fall under the jurisdiction of a particular Block automatically become ex-officio members of that Block’s Panchayat Samiti. This creates a vital link between the village and block levels of local self-governance.
• Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) from that Block: MPs and MLAs whose constituencies (or a part of their constituencies) fall within the geographical limits of the Block are usually ex-officio members. This ensures a connection between the local governance body and the state/national legislative bodies.
• Block Development Officer (BDO): The BDO, a government official responsible for development and administrative activities in the Block, typically serves as the ex-officio Secretary or Executive Officer of the Panchayat Samiti. While not always a voting member in all contexts, their role is crucial in facilitating the Samiti’s functions and implementing development programs.
• Members of the Zilla Parishad from that Block: Elected members of the Zilla Parishad (district-level body) who represent areas within the specific Block may also be ex-officio members of the Panchayat Samiti.
• Representatives from various government departments: In some states, officers from important departments like Health, Agriculture, Public Works, etc., may also be designated as ex-officio members to provide their expertise and coordination in specific development areas.

Question 33.

Mention any two Civic and Development functions of a Panchayat Samiti.

Ans:

A Panchayat Samiti, operating at the block level, plays a crucial role in both the civic administration and developmental initiatives of rural areas. Here are two distinct functions, one civic and one developmental:

1. Civic Function: Provision and Maintenance of Basic Amenities

The Panchayat Samiti is responsible for ensuring the availability and proper upkeep of essential public services within its jurisdiction. This includes, but is not limited to, facilitating the provision of clean drinking water by overseeing borewells, handpumps, and minor water supply schemes, and maintaining rural roads to ensure connectivity between villages and with larger towns. They also often manage basic sanitation facilities and promote cleanliness within the block. This function directly impacts the daily lives and well-being of the rural population.

2. Developmental Function: Promotion of Rural Livelihoods and Economic Growth

A significant developmental role of the Panchayat Samiti is to foster economic self-reliance and growth in rural areas. This often involves promoting and supporting cottage and small-scale industries, such as handlooms, handicrafts, and agro-based processing units. They also play a part in implementing government schemes related to agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries to enhance productivity and income for farmers and allied workers. By encouraging local enterprises and improving agricultural practices, the Panchayat Samiti contributes to increasing employment opportunities and overall economic prosperity in the block.

Question 34.

Mention any two Supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti.

Ans:

Here are two supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti, ensuring uniqueness and avoiding plagiarism:

1. Monitoring and Guidance of Gram Panchayats: The Panchayat Samiti acts as an intermediary body, supervising the functioning of the Gram Panchayats (village-level bodies) within its block. This includes ensuring that Gram Panchayats adhere to state government policies and guidelines, implement development schemes effectively, and manage their finances transparently. The Panchayat Samiti provides necessary guidance and support to Gram Panchayats to improve their administrative and developmental capacities.
2. Review and Approval of Gram Panchayat Budgets: The Panchayat Samiti plays a crucial role in financial oversight by examining the annual budgets prepared by the individual Gram Panchayats under its jurisdiction. It reviews these budgets to ensure they are aligned with development priorities, financially sound, and comply with prescribed norms. The Panchayat Samiti may suggest modifications to the budgets to optimize resource allocation and ensure the efficient utilization of funds for local development initiatives.

Question 35.

Give two sources of income of a Panchayat Samiti.

Ans:

A Panchayat Samiti, an intermediate level of local self-governance in India, primarily derives its income from two main categories:

1. Grants from Higher Levels of Government (State and Central Governments): This is often the most significant source of funding for Panchayat Samitis. These grants are provided for various purposes, including:
   • Untied Grants: Funds that the Panchayat Samiti has discretion to use for general development and maintenance activities based on local needs. These are often recommended by the State Finance Commissions and Central Finance Commissions.
   • Tied Grants: Funds specifically allocated for the implementation of particular schemes and programs, such as those related to rural development, sanitation, public health, education, and infrastructure projects, often under centrally-sponsored schemes.
   • Revenue Sharing: A portion of the taxes and duties collected by the state government (e.g., land revenue, stamp duty surcharge, entertainment tax in some cases) might be shared with the Panchayat Samitis.
2. Own Source Revenue (OSR): While generally a smaller portion of their total income, Panchayat Samitis can generate revenue through:
   • Taxes: They may be empowered by state legislation to levy certain taxes, such as:
     • Taxes on facilities provided by them (e.g., water for drinking or irrigation, lighting arrangements).
     • Tolls for bridges or other infrastructure maintained by them.
     • Taxes on businesses or professions operating within their jurisdiction (though these powers can vary significantly by state).
   • Non-Tax Revenue: This includes income from:
     • Rents and Leases: From properties owned by the Panchayat Samiti, such as shops, markets, guest houses, or community halls.
     • Fees and Charges: For various services provided, licenses issued, or for the use of their assets (e.g., market fees, license fees for brokers, fees for regulating cattle movement).
     • Donations and Contributions: Voluntary contributions from individuals, organizations, or corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.

Question 36.

Name the highest organ of the Panchayati Raj institutions at the district level.

Ans:

India’s Panchayati Raj framework typically adheres to a three-tiered structure in states with populations exceeding two million:

• Gram Panchayat: Operates at the foundational village level.
• Panchayat Samiti: Functions at the intermediate or block level, sometimes known as Block Panchayat, Mandal Parishad, or Janpad Panchayat.
• Zila Parishad: Serves as the highest local governance body at the district level.

The Zila Parishad shoulders the responsibility for comprehensive district development and administration. It plays a crucial role in synchronizing the initiatives of the lower-tier panchayats and serves as the vital conduit between these local bodies and the state government.

Question 37.

Mention any two Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad.

Ans:

Here are two civic and welfare functions of a Zila Parishad, presented uniquely:

1. Ensuring Access to Primary Healthcare and Sanitation: A crucial civic and welfare function of a Zila Parishad is the establishment, maintenance, and oversight of primary health centers (PHCs) and sub-centers within the district’s rural areas. This encompasses ensuring the availability of basic medical facilities, essential medicines, and qualified staff. Beyond curative services, the Zila Parishad actively promotes public health through organizing vaccination drives, conducting health awareness campaigns on hygiene and disease prevention, and implementing sanitation programs like providing access to clean drinking water and managing solid waste in villages. This proactive approach aims to improve the overall health outcomes and quality of life for the rural population.
2. Fostering Rural Education and Skill Development: The Zila Parishad plays a pivotal role in the management and enhancement of primary and often secondary education in rural schools. This involves responsibilities such as the construction and maintenance of school buildings, supervision of teaching staff, and ensuring the implementation of various government schemes aimed at improving literacy rates and school enrollment. Furthermore, a key welfare aspect is its contribution to skill development initiatives and vocational training programs for rural youth and women. By organizing such programs, the Zila Parishad empowers individuals with employable skills, promoting self-sufficiency and contributing to the socio-economic upliftment of the district.

Question 38.

Mention any two Supervisor functions of a Zila Parishad.

Ans:

The Zila Parishad, as the apex body of the Panchayati Raj system at the district level in India, plays a crucial role in local governance and development. Among its many responsibilities, two significant supervisory functions are:

1. Oversight of Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis: The Zila Parishad exercises supervisory control over the functioning of the Gram Panchayats (village-level bodies) and Panchayat Samitis (block-level bodies) within its district. This involves ensuring that these lower-tier local self-governments adhere to established rules and regulations, properly implement development schemes, and utilize allocated funds effectively. The Zila Parishad reviews their plans, budgets, and accounts, and can issue directives or recommendations to rectify any deviations or inefficiencies. This function is vital for maintaining accountability and transparency across the entire rural local governance structure.
2. Monitoring of Development Schemes and Projects: The Zila Parishad is responsible for the overall supervision and monitoring of various development schemes and projects implemented by the state and central governments within the district. This includes programs related to rural development, public health, education, infrastructure (like roads and irrigation), and social welfare. The Zila Parishad ensures that these projects are executed according to their objectives, within stipulated timelines, and that the intended beneficiaries receive the benefits. It often conducts inspections, reviews progress reports, and addresses bottlenecks to ensure efficient and effective delivery of development initiatives at the grassroots level.

Question 39.

Give two sources of income to the Zila Parishad.

Ans:

The Zila Parishad, a key administrative body at the district level within India’s Panchayati Raj system, secures its financial resources through a blend of self-generated funds and allocations from higher government tiers.

Primary Revenue Streams

A significant and often the largest portion of the Zila Parishad’s income comes from government grants. These substantial financial contributions flow from both the State Government and the Central Government. Often, these are “tied” or “purposive” grants, specifically earmarked for particular development initiatives and programs aimed at enhancing rural areas. These initiatives commonly span vital sectors such as education, healthcare, rural infrastructure (roads and water supply), and sanitation. Furthermore, Zila Parishads can also receive grants based on the recommendations put forth by the Central Finance Commission and the State Finance Commission, which are designed to augment their financial capacity.

Own Source Revenue (OSR)

While typically a smaller component of their total income, Zila Parishads possess the authority to generate their own source revenue (OSR) through various mechanisms:

• Taxes and Cesses: Zila Parishads are empowered to impose certain local taxes, although the specific types and applicable rates can differ across states. Examples include levies on property, water usage, entertainment, or even specific local businesses.
• Fees and Tolls: Revenue can be derived from fees charged for services rendered, or from tolls collected on roads and bridges under their jurisdiction. This category also includes fees from markets and weekly bazaars that the Zila Parishad establishes and manages.
• Rent/Lease from Assets: Zila Parishads frequently possess both movable and immovable assets, such as shops, community halls, or land. By renting out or leasing these properties, they can establish a consistent flow of income.

Long Answer Questions.

Question 1.
With reference to Municipal Corporation, answer the following questions:
(a) State its composition.
(b) State the functions of the Mayor.
(c) State the functions of the Corporation.
Ans:

In India, a Municipal Corporation governs large cities, providing essential services.

(a) Composition: It’s primarily composed of elected Councillors (Corporators) representing city wards, with some nominated experts. The Mayor and Deputy Mayor are indirectly elected by councillors as political heads. 

(b) Functions of the Mayor: The Mayor is the ceremonial and symbolic head. They preside over meetings, represent the city, facilitate discussions, champion initiatives, and are expected to maintain impartiality.

(c) Functions of the Corporation:

• Mandatory (Obligatory): Essential services like public health & sanitation (water, drainage, waste management, street cleaning, disease control, health centers), public works (roads, bridges, streetlights), urban planning (town planning, slum improvement), primary education, fire services, and birth/death registration.
• Discretionary (Optional): Services undertaken based on resources, such as parks/gardens, public housing, cultural promotion (libraries, museums), sports/welfare, public transport, environmental beautification, and managing public markets/slaughterhouses.

Question 2.

Give the role of each of the following in the Municipal Corporation,

(a) General Council of the Corporation

(b) Standing Committees.

(c) Municipal Commissioner.

Ans:

Here’s a concise and unique breakdown of the roles of these components within a Municipal Corporation:

(a) General Council of the Corporation: The General Council acts as the supreme legislative and deliberative body of the Municipal Corporation. Its primary role is to set policy, frame bylaws, and approve major decisions regarding urban governance. Composed of elected ward councilors (corporators), it represents the citizens’ interests and holds the ultimate authority in shaping the city’s development, budget allocation, and the provision of essential services. It functions as the ultimate decision-making body for the corporation.

(b) Standing Committees: Standing Committees are specialized functional groups formed by the General Council. Their role is to undertake detailed examination, deliberation, and recommendations on specific areas of municipal administration, such as finance, public works, education, or health. They act as working arms of the General Council, allowing for more in-depth analysis of issues and efficient execution of policies, before presenting their findings or proposals to the full Council for final approval. They ensure focused attention on different aspects of city management.

(c) Municipal Commissioner: Appointed by the state government, their role is to implement the policies and decisions made by the General Council and Standing Committees. They are responsible for the day-to-day administration, efficient functioning of various departments, financial management, and the overall execution of development projects and service delivery. The Commissioner is the bridge between the policy-making elected body and the administrative machinery, ensuring effective governance.

Question 3.

With regard to the working of a Municipal Corporation answer the following questions.

(a) Giving examples, state how compulsory functions are distinguished from optional functions.

(b) What organisational system exists for carrying out these functions ?

Ans:

A Municipal Corporation, the governing body of an urban area, performs a range of functions broadly categorized as compulsory and optional.

(a) Compulsory vs. Optional Functions:

• Compulsory (Obligatory) Functions: These are essential services that a Municipal Corporation must provide to its citizens by law. They are fundamental to public health, safety, and well-being. Failure to perform these can lead to legal repercussions or public outcry.
  • Examples:
    • Water Supply: Ensuring a safe and adequate supply of drinking water to all residents.
    • Drainage and Sewerage: Establishing and maintaining systems for wastewater collection and disposal.
    • Public Health and Sanitation: This includes garbage collection and disposal, street cleaning, and maintaining public toilets.
    • Road Construction and Maintenance: Building and repairing roads, bridges, and footpaths within the city limits.
    • Street Lighting: Providing and maintaining adequate streetlights for public safety.
    • Registration of Births and Deaths: Maintaining official records of vital statistics.
• Optional (Discretionary) Functions: These are services that a Municipal Corporation may provide, depending on its financial resources, local needs, and the priorities of the elected body. While beneficial, their absence does not typically constitute a legal breach.
  • Examples:
    • Public Parks and Gardens: Developing and maintaining recreational green spaces.
    • Public Libraries and Museums: Establishing and operating cultural and educational institutions.
    • Housing for Low-Income Groups: Initiating and implementing housing schemes for economically weaker sections.
    • Urban Forestry/Tree Planting: Undertaking initiatives for greening the city.
    • Organizing Fairs and Exhibitions: Promoting cultural or economic activities.
    • Public Transport (in some cases): Operating or supporting local bus services (though in many large cities, this is handled by separate entities).

The key distinction lies in the mandatory nature of compulsory functions versus the permissive nature of optional ones. Compulsory functions address basic necessities, while optional functions enhance the quality of urban life.

(b) Organizational System for Carrying Out Functions:

Municipal Corporations typically operate through a multi-layered organizational system designed for efficient governance and service delivery:

1. Deliberative Wing (Elected Body):
   • Municipal Council/Corporation: This is the supreme legislative body, composed of elected representatives (councillors or corporators) from different wards of the city.
   • Mayor/Chairperson: The head of the Municipal Corporation, elected by the councillors or directly by the public, responsible for presiding over meetings and acting as the city’s ceremonial head.
   • Standing Committees: These are specialized committees (e.g., Finance, Public Works, Health, Education) formed by the councillors. They deliberate on specific subjects, scrutinize proposals, and make recommendations to the full council.
2. Executive Wing (Administrative Body):
   • Heads of Departments: Under the Commissioner, various departments exist (e.g., Engineering, Health, Sanitation, Finance, Town Planning, Water Supply), each headed by a senior official. These departments are responsible for the on-ground execution of specific functions.
   • Subordinate Staff: Each department has a hierarchical structure of engineers, sanitation workers, clerks, health inspectors, and other staff who carry out the daily operations.

Question 4.

With  regards to the municipal corporation

(a) Distinguish between Municipal Corporation and Municipal Committee.

(b) Describe the three wings of the Municipal Committee.

Ans:

Here’s a concise and unique distinction and description:

(a) Distinction between Municipal Corporation and Municipal Committee:

A Municipal Corporation governs large urban areas (cities) with very high populations. It enjoys greater autonomy, more extensive powers, and a larger budget, often directly interacting with state governments.

A Municipal Committee (also known as a Municipal Council or Municipality) governs smaller urban areas or towns. It has less autonomy, more limited powers, and a smaller budget compared to a corporation, often working under the closer supervision of district or state authorities.

(b) Three wings of the Municipal Committee:

1. Deliberative Wing (Council/Committee): This comprises elected representatives (councilors/members) from different wards. Their primary role is to formulate policies, make decisions on civic matters, approve budgets, and oversee the administration. They represent the citizens’ interests.
2. Executive Wing (Municipal Commissioner/Chief Officer): This is the administrative head, usually a government-appointed official (e.g., Municipal Commissioner, Chief Officer). Their responsibility is to implement the policies and decisions made by the deliberative wing, manage day-to-day operations, lead the municipal staff, and ensure efficient delivery of civic services.
3. Secretariat Wing (Administrative Departments): This wing consists of various departments (e.g., finance, public works, health, sanitation, education) headed by their respective officers. They provide administrative support to both the deliberative and executive wings, handle specific functions, maintain records, and execute the detailed work required for municipal governance.

Question 5.

Give a brief account of each of the following local self­ government bodies.

(a) Town Area Committee.

(b) Notified Area Committee.

(c) Cantonment Board.

Ans:

Here’s a brief, unique, and plagiarism-free account of each local self-government body:

(a) Town Area Committee: The Town Area Committee is a semi-municipal body established for smaller urban centers that haven’t yet reached the population or economic threshold to be classified as a full-fledged municipality. Its primary role is to manage basic civic amenities within a designated town area. These committees are typically responsible for essential services like street lighting, sanitation, water supply, and minor road maintenance. They are generally simpler in structure and have more limited powers and financial resources compared to larger municipal corporations. Their establishment aims to provide a localized administrative framework to address the immediate needs of a growing, but still developing, urban locality.

(b) Notified Area Committee: A Notified Area Committee is created for areas that are undergoing rapid urbanization or industrial development, but are not yet ready for the establishment of a full municipality or a typical town area committee. These committees are “notified” by the state government, often in anticipation of future growth. Unlike elected bodies, Notified Area Committees are usually entirely nominated by the state government, including their chairperson. Their main function is to manage the civic infrastructure and provide services in these developing areas, often with a focus on planned development to support the influx of population and economic activity. They serve as a transitional arrangement, providing essential services and regulatory oversight until the area matures enough for a more conventional form of local self-government.

(c) Cantonment Board: A Cantonment Board is a unique local self-government body specifically established to administer civilian areas within a military cantonment. These boards are distinct from other municipal bodies because they operate under the control of the Central Government (Ministry of Defence), rather than the respective state government. Their composition is a blend of elected civilian members and nominated military officers, ensuring both local representation and adherence to military protocols. Cantonment Boards are responsible for providing all standard municipal services to the civilian population residing within the cantonment, including public health, sanitation, water supply, street lighting, and maintenance of public spaces. They also manage land and property within the cantonment, which is often owned by the Ministry of Defence, making their administrative functions intertwined with military requirements.

Question 6.

With regard to the functions and sources of income of a Municipality, answer the following questions:

(a) What are the functions of a Municipal Committee?

(b) What are the sources of income of a Municipality?

Ans

(a) Functions of a Municipal Committee:

Municipal Committees (or Municipalities) are local self-governing bodies responsible for providing essential services and maintaining civic infrastructure within their urban limits. Their core functions can be broadly categorized as:

• Public Health and Sanitation: This includes providing clean drinking water, managing sewage systems, waste collection and disposal, public sanitation (toilets, drains), controlling disease outbreaks, and ensuring food safety.
• Infrastructure Development and Maintenance: Constructing and maintaining roads, bridges, public buildings, street lighting, parks, and other civic amenities. This also involves urban planning and land-use regulation.
• Civic Amenities and Services: Establishing and running schools, hospitals, dispensaries, libraries, community centers, fire services, and public markets. They also often manage birth and death registration.
• Public Safety and Welfare: While policing is typically a state function, municipalities contribute to public safety through street lighting, maintaining public spaces, and sometimes enacting local bylaws for public order. They may also be involved in poverty alleviation and social welfare schemes.
• Regulatory Functions: Enforcing building codes, issuing permits for construction, trade, and other activities, and regulating nuisances.

(b) Sources of Income of a Municipality:

Municipalities primarily generate revenue to fund their functions through a combination of taxes, fees, grants, and other sources:

• Taxes:
  • Property Tax: A major source, levied on immovable properties (land and buildings) within the municipal limits.
  • Octroi/Entry Tax: (Though largely abolished in many places in India after GST) A tax levied on goods entering the municipal area.
  • Entertainment Tax: (Often subsumed under GST now) Tax on entertainment activities like movies, concerts, etc.
  • Advertisement Tax: Tax on hoardings and advertisements.
• Fees and Charges:
  • Water Charges: For water supply services.
  • Sewerage Charges: For sewage disposal services.
  • Market Fees: For stalls in municipal markets.
  • License Fees: For various business licenses and permits.
  • Building Sanction Fees: For approving building plans.
  • Parking Fees: For public parking spaces.
• Grants from State and Central Governments: Significant financial assistance provided by higher levels of government for specific projects or general budgetary support.
• Rent from Municipal Properties: Income generated from renting out municipal buildings, shops, or land.
• Loans: From financial institutions or governments for large-scale development projects.
• Other Sources: Fines for violations of municipal bylaws, interest on investments, and donations.

Question 7.

There are many defects in the working of local self ­government institutions. Analyse them under the following headlines:

(a) Role of Money in Elections

(b) Paucity of funds.

Ans:

Here’s an analysis of defects in local self-government institutions, focusing on the two requested headlines:

Defects in Local Self-Government Institutions:

Local self-government institutions, while vital for grassroots democracy, often grapple with significant challenges. Two prominent issues are the influence of money in elections and the chronic scarcity of funds.

(a) Role of Money in Elections:

The pervasive influence of money in local self-government elections fundamentally undermines their democratic integrity. This manifests in several ways:

• Unequal Playing Field: Candidates with greater financial resources have a significant advantage. They can afford extensive campaigning, advertising, and even direct inducements, making it difficult for less affluent but potentially more capable individuals to compete effectively. This creates an uneven playing field that favors wealth over genuine public service.
• Corruption and Vote Buying: Money can facilitate unethical practices such as vote buying, where voters are directly compensated for their ballot. This distorts the electoral process, making it less about policies and performance, and more about immediate gratification, eroding public trust in the system.
• Influence of Special Interests: Wealthy individuals, businesses, or political parties often pour money into local elections to ensure that candidates favorable to their interests are elected. Once in power, these elected representatives may then prioritize the agendas of their financial backers over the broader public good, leading to skewed policy decisions and resource allocation.
• Reduced Accountability: When elections are heavily influenced by money, the focus shifts from accountability to the electorate to accountability to financial patrons. This can lead to elected officials becoming less responsive to the needs of ordinary citizens and more beholden to those who funded their campaigns.

(b) Paucity of Funds:

A chronic shortage of financial resources is a debilitating issue for many local self-government institutions, severely limiting their capacity to function effectively and deliver essential services.

• Inadequate Service Delivery: Without sufficient funds, local bodies struggle to provide basic amenities like sanitation, clean water, road maintenance, street lighting, and primary healthcare. This directly impacts the quality of life for citizens and can lead to dissatisfaction and a breakdown of trust in local governance.
• Dependence on Higher Tiers of Government: The financial weakness often forces local self-governments to rely heavily on grants and allocations from state or central governments. This dependence can compromise their autonomy, as decisions and priorities may be dictated by higher authorities rather than local needs and aspirations.
• Limited Development Initiatives: Ambitious local development projects, such as building new public facilities, improving infrastructure, or implementing welfare schemes, often remain on paper due to a lack of funds. This stifles local economic growth and community improvement.
• Inability to Attract Talent: Low salaries and limited resources can make it difficult for local self-governments to attract and retain skilled professionals (e.g., engineers, urban planners, public health experts). This deficit in technical expertise further cripples their administrative and implementation capabilities.
• Poor Financial Management: The struggle for funds can sometimes lead to ad-hoc financial planning, poor budgeting practices, and an inability to invest in long-term infrastructure maintenance, leading to a vicious cycle of decay and increased future costs.