Major Industries

• Iron and Steel: Its fundamental role, the production process using iron ore, coal, and limestone, and major production areas (e.g., parts of Asia, North America, Europe), linking location to resources, energy, transport, and markets.
• Textiles: Different types like cotton, wool, and synthetics, the journey from fiber to clothing, and important producing regions (e.g., parts of Asia, Europe, North America), considering raw materials, labor costs, and consumer demand.
• Information Technology (IT): This modern, growing sector focusing on software and services, highlighting major centers (e.g., Silicon Valley, Bangalore) and the reasons for their growth (skilled workers, research, government support).
• Automobiles: The process of making vehicles, the assembly line, and key manufacturing areas (e.g., parts of Asia, Europe, North America), looking at market demand, component availability, and transport.

The chapter might also discuss industrial zones, the environmental and social impacts of these industries, their role in jobs and economic growth, and perhaps briefly mention other important sectors like food processing or petrochemicals.

Discuss

Why do you think industries do not always employ adequate and right methods to control industrial pollution?
Ans:

Industries often underemploy pollution control due to:

• High costs of implementation impacting profits and competitiveness.
• Weak regulations and enforcement allowing non-compliance.
• Lack of knowledge or access to effective technologies.
• Lobbying and political influence weakening environmental rules.
• Prioritization of economic growth over environmental concerns in some contexts.

VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

Industries cause pollution when the factories that manufacture goods dump their wastes into water, air and soil.
Imagine that you are a factory owner. Write down a few ways in which you can reduce the pollution caused by your factory.
Ans:

Water Pollution:

1. Invest in a comprehensive wastewater treatment facility: This plant would meticulously remove contaminants, heavy metals, and harmful substances from all factory effluent before it’s discharged, ensuring compliance with stringent environmental standards.
2. Implement a closed-loop water system: Explore opportunities to recycle treated wastewater back into the factory for processes like cooling or washing, significantly reducing both water consumption and discharge volume.
3. Optimize production for water efficiency: Analyze manufacturing processes to identify areas where water usage can be reduced, such as adopting water-saving technologies or modifying cleaning protocols.

Air Pollution:

1. Install advanced emission control technologies: Equip smokestacks and ventilation systems with scrubbers, filters, and other devices to capture particulate matter, harmful gases, and volatile organic compounds before they are released into the atmosphere.
2. Transition to cleaner energy sources: Explore using natural gas, solar power, or other renewable energy options to power factory operations, thereby reducing reliance on fossil fuels and their associated air pollutants.
3. Implement vapor recovery systems: For processes involving volatile chemicals, install systems to capture and condense vapors, preventing their release into the air.

Soil Pollution:

1. Establish a robust waste management protocol: Implement strict procedures for the segregation, storage, and disposal of all industrial waste, including hazardous materials, ensuring they are handled by certified waste management facilities.
2. Implement secondary containment measures: For storage tanks and chemical handling areas, install barriers or containment systems to prevent spills and leaks from reaching the soil and groundwater.
3. Conduct regular site assessments: Perform periodic environmental audits of the factory grounds to identify any potential sources of soil contamination and address them proactively.

Overall Commitment:

• Adopt an Environmental Management System (EMS): Implement a framework like ISO 14001 to systematically manage and improve the factory’s environmental performance.
• Educate and involve employees: Conduct regular training programs to raise awareness about pollution prevention and encourage employee participation in environmental initiatives.
• Continuously seek cleaner technologies: Investigate and adopt innovative, more environmentally friendly manufacturing processes and pollution control technologies as they become available.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. ______ is necessary material for making machines.

Ans: Steel

2. Jamshedpur and _________ are important steel producing centres in India.

Ans: Rourkela

3. Southern USA is an important _______ producing belt in the US.

Ans: Cotton
4. Bengaluru is a major centre of _________________________ in India.

Ans: Information technology industry

5. _______ is the world’s largest shipbuilding country.

Ans: China

B. Match the following.

Answer:

C. State whether the following is true or false.

1. Other industries depend on the steel industry for infrastructural material.
Ans: True.

2. Steel industry is set up in areas where raw materials are available.
Ans: True.

3. The Deccan Plateau is a major cotton producing region.
Ans: True.

4. Ethanol can be produced from cotton.
Ans: False.
Correct : Ethanol can be produced from sugar.

5. Practising the principle of 3 Rs can help in controlling pollution.
Ans. True.

D. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Why is the steel industry considered the basic industry on which other industries depend?
Ans:

The steel industry is considered the basic industry or the foundation industry upon which many other industries depend for several crucial reasons:  

• Source of Essential Raw Material: Steel is a fundamental raw material for a vast array of manufacturing and construction sectors. It serves as the primary input for producing machinery, tools, automobiles, railway lines, bridges, buildings, ships, pipelines, containers, and countless other essential goods and infrastructure. Without a robust steel industry, these downstream industries would struggle to obtain the necessary materials for their own production.  
• Foundation for Industrialization: Historically, the growth and development of the steel industry have been closely linked to overall industrialization. A strong domestic steel production capacity often signals and supports a nation’s progress in manufacturing and infrastructure development. It provides the building blocks for economic expansion across various sectors.  
• Inter-Industry Linkages: The steel industry has strong inter-industry linkages. It not only supplies raw material to numerous other industries but also creates demand for the products and services of other sectors, such as mining (for iron ore and coal), transportation (for moving raw materials and finished steel), and energy (for powering steel mills). This interconnectedness makes it a central pillar of the industrial economy.  
• Indicator of Economic Health: The performance of the steel industry is often seen as a key indicator of the overall health of an economy. High demand for steel typically reflects strong activity in construction, manufacturing, and infrastructure development, while a downturn in the steel sector can signal broader economic slowdown.  
• Strategic Importance: For many nations, a strong domestic steel industry is considered strategically important for national security and self-reliance. It reduces dependence on foreign suppliers for critical materials needed for defense, infrastructure, and industrial development.

Question 2.

Why are cotton textile centres located in the Deccan Plateau?

Ans:

Cotton textile centers are significantly located in the Deccan Plateau region of India due to a favorable combination of geographical, economic, and historical factors:

• Availability of Raw Cotton: The Deccan Plateau, particularly states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and parts of Madhya Pradesh, is a major cotton-growing region. The black soil found here is ideal for cotton cultivation. The proximity to the source of raw material significantly reduces transportation costs and ensures a steady supply for the textile mills.  
• Humid Climate: Historically, a humid climate was considered essential for cotton textile production, especially for spinning. High humidity helps to prevent the cotton fibers from breaking easily during the process. While modern technology has reduced the dependence on natural humidity, the legacy of early establishment in these humid areas persists.  
• Water Availability: The Deccan Plateau has several rivers and water bodies that provide the necessary water for the various processes involved in textile manufacturing, such as dyeing and bleaching.
• Skilled Labor: The region has a long history of cotton cultivation and textile production, leading to the development of a skilled labor force with expertise in various stages of textile manufacturing.
• Market Access: The densely populated regions within and around the Deccan Plateau provide a large domestic market for cotton textiles. Good transportation links facilitate the distribution of finished goods to other parts of the country as well.
• Historical Factors: The establishment of early cotton textile mills during the British colonial era was concentrated in regions like Bombay (now Mumbai) and Ahmedabad, both situated on the periphery of the Deccan Plateau, due to the availability of raw cotton, port facilities for exports, and initial capital investment.
• Government Policies: Government policies promoting industrialization and supporting the textile sector in these regions have also contributed to the concentration of cotton textile centers in the Deccan Plateau.

Question 3.

Name the factors that have made Bengaluru a major IT centre.

Ans:

Bengaluru has become a major IT (Information Technology) center due to a confluence of several key factors that have fostered its growth and attracted numerous domestic and international tech companies. Here are the primary reasons:

• Early Government Support and Vision: The Karnataka state government proactively supported the development of the electronics and IT sectors early on. Initiatives like the establishment of public sector undertakings in electronics (e.g., Bharat Electronics Limited, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) in the mid-20th century laid the groundwork for a skilled technical workforce and a conducive ecosystem for technology development. The later focus on IT through policies and infrastructure development further propelled the city’s growth.
• Concentration of Educational and Research Institutions: Bengaluru boasts a high concentration of prestigious educational and research institutions, including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB), and numerous engineering colleges. These institutions produce a large pool of highly skilled graduates in engineering, computer science, and management, providing a continuous supply of talent for the IT industry.  
• Skilled and English-Speaking Workforce: The consistent output of skilled professionals from Bengaluru’s educational institutions, coupled with a high proficiency in the English language, made it an attractive destination for multinational companies seeking a qualified workforce for software development, IT services, and research and development.
  
• Favorable Investment Climate: The state government has actively promoted investment in the IT sector through various incentives, tax breaks, and the establishment of IT parks and infrastructure. This business-friendly environment has encouraged both domestic and foreign companies to set up operations in Bengaluru.
• Presence of Global Technology Companies: The early entry and continued expansion of major global technology companies in Bengaluru created a strong ecosystem. Their presence attracted supporting industries, vendors, and a skilled workforce, further reinforcing the city’s position as a tech hub.
• Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Bengaluru has a vibrant and thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem. The presence of venture capital firms, incubators, and a culture of innovation has fostered the growth of numerous successful startups in various tech domains. This dynamism further attracts talent and investment.

Question 4.

Which are the major automobile-producing countries in the world?

Ans:

The top countries manufacturing automobiles globally are generally:

1. China: The world’s biggest producer, driven by its large internal market and growing exports, making everything from cars to EVs.
2. United States: A long-standing major producer with both domestic and international brands, especially strong in trucks and SUVs.
3. Japan: A key global player known for efficient production and successful international brands, making diverse vehicles.
4. Germany: The center of Europe’s car industry, home to many premium and mainstream brands, known for engineering quality.
5. India: A significant and growing producer due to its large domestic market and increasing exports, making various vehicle types. Being in Pune, you’re in a key automotive manufacturing area within India.

Question 5.

What are the major causes of industrial pollution?

Ans:

The major causes of industrial pollution are diverse and stem from the various processes and activities involved in manufacturing and production. Here’s a breakdown of the key contributors:

1. Discharge of Untreated or Partially Treated Wastewater:

• Factories often release wastewater containing a wide range of pollutants directly into water bodies (rivers, lakes, oceans) without adequate treatment.  
• These pollutants can include heavy metals, toxic chemicals, organic matter, acids, alkalis, oil, grease, and suspended solids.
• Inadequate or malfunctioning effluent treatment plants (ETPs) contribute significantly to this problem.

2. Emission of Air Pollutants:

• Industrial processes release various harmful substances into the atmosphere.  
• These include particulate matter (dust, soot), gaseous pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds – VOCs), and greenhouse gases.  
• Burning fossil fuels for energy generation within factories is a major source of air pollution.  
• Chemical reactions and manufacturing processes can also release toxic fumes and gases.  

3. Improper Disposal of Solid and Hazardous Waste:

• Industries generate vast amounts of solid waste, including packaging materials, process byproducts, and sludge from treatment plants.  
• Improper disposal of this waste, especially hazardous waste (containing toxic chemicals, heavy metals, or radioactive materials), can contaminate soil and groundwater.  
• Landfills that are not properly managed can leach pollutants into the surrounding environment.  

4. Accidents and Spills:

• Industrial accidents, such as leaks from storage tanks, pipeline ruptures, or chemical spills, can release large quantities of pollutants into the environment (water, air, or soil) in a concentrated manner, causing severe and immediate damage.  

5. Noise Pollution:

• Heavy machinery, industrial processes, and transportation within and around industrial areas can generate high levels of noise pollution, which can harm human health and wildlife.  

6. Thermal Pollution:

• Some industries release heated water into rivers or lakes, causing thermal pollution. This can alter the water temperature, reducing dissolved oxygen levels and harming aquatic life.  

7. Extraction of Raw Materials:

• While not directly a manufacturing process, the extraction of raw materials for industries (e.g., mining, logging) can lead to significant environmental damage, including habitat destruction, soil erosion, and water pollution.  

8. Use of Outdated or Inefficient Technologies:

• Industries using older, less efficient technologies often generate more waste and pollution per unit of production compared to those employing modern, cleaner technologies.

9. Lack of Enforcement and Regulatory Loopholes:

• Weak environmental regulations or ineffective enforcement can allow industries to operate with inadequate pollution control measures.

10. Economic Pressures:

• The pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits can sometimes lead industries to cut corners on pollution control measures.

E. Answer the following questions in one or two paragraphs.

Question 1.
Give an account of the cotton textile industry in India.
Ans:

The cotton textile industry in India is one of the oldest and most significant industries, deeply intertwined with the country’s history, culture, and economy. From its ancient roots in handlooms to its modern industrial scale, the sector has played a pivotal role in India’s economic development and continues to be a major source of employment and export earnings.

Historical Perspective: However, during British colonial rule, the industry faced decline as policies favored British mills, turning India into a supplier of raw cotton. The modern cotton textile industry began to take shape in the 19th century with the establishment of the first mills near Kolkata and later in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, which became major centers. The Swadeshi movement in the early 20th century further boosted the industry. Post-independence, India focused on revitalizing the sector through government initiatives and the adoption of new technologies.

Present Scenario: The industry is a significant contributor to India’s GDP, industrial production, and export earnings, employing millions of people across the value chain, from farmers to garment manufacturers. Key production hubs are located in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, benefiting from proximity to cotton-growing areas, labor availability, and established infrastructure. The industry encompasses a wide range of products, from traditional handloom fabrics to modern industrial textiles and apparel.

Strengths: India’s cotton textile industry boasts several strengths, including:

• Abundant Raw Material: Being the largest cotton producer provides a significant advantage.
• Large Workforce: A vast pool of skilled and unskilled labor is available.
• Diverse Product Range: The industry produces a wide variety of yarns, fabrics, and garments.
• Strong Domestic Market: A large and growing domestic demand supports the industry.
• Export Potential: India is a major exporter of cotton yarn, fabrics, and apparel.
• Government Support: Various schemes and initiatives aim to promote the sector’s growth and modernization.

Question 2.

Write a note on sugar producing countries.

Ans:

Global sugar production is concentrated in a few key nations, relying mainly on sugarcane and sugar beets. Brazil and India are the top sugarcane producers; Brazil is a major exporter, while India’s large internal demand affects its exports.

The world’s sugar supply comes from both cane and beet sources, with some countries prioritizing domestic use over exports. Governmental regulations and weather conditions greatly influence production levels and price fluctuations. Ultimately, a small group of countries are crucial for meeting global sugar needs, and their output has a considerable impact on international markets.

Question 3.

What do you know about the ship-building industry in the world ?

Ans:

The global shipbuilding industry is crucial for trade and naval power, demanding significant investment, long construction times, and skilled labor. Production is dominated by East Asian nations, primarily China, South Korea (known for high-value vessels), and Japan. Europe and Vietnam also hold notable shares, often specializing in niche markets. The industry constructs diverse vessels, including merchant ships (bulk carriers, tankers, container ships), passenger ships (cruise ships, ferries), naval vessels, and specialized ships for various purposes.

Several key trends and challenges shape the industry. A major focus is on sustainability through alternative fuels and energy-efficient designs. Automation and digitalization are transforming construction and operations. Geopolitical factors and global trade heavily influence demand. Intense international competition and occasional supply chain disruptions are also significant aspects.

While India has a growing shipbuilding sector with both public and private shipyards, it is not yet a dominant global player. However, it shows potential, particularly in naval vessels and smaller merchant ships, supported by government initiatives. The global industry as a whole is navigating a complex landscape of technological advancements and environmental concerns while remaining a vital backbone of the world’s economy.

F. Trace your journey: Imagine you are a cotton boll. Write about your journey from the field to somebody’s wardrobe write about all the stages you had to pass through to become a garment.

Ans:

My existence began as a tiny seed nestled within the rich earth, likely in the warm soils of the Deccan Plateau. Nourished by monsoon rains and sunlight, I sprouted into a thriving cotton plant. Protective green pods developed, and within each, delicate white fibers, which was me in my nascent form, began to encase the developing seeds. The sun’s warmth nurtured my fibers, lengthening and maturing them until the pod finally burst, revealing my soft, white, cloud-like essence.

My transformation truly commenced after harvesting. Gentle hands plucked me from the plant, and I was gathered with countless others for transport to a ginning facility. Here, specialized machinery carefully separated my valuable fibers from the seeds, a necessary yet somewhat disruptive stage. The seeds were repurposed, while I, now compressed cotton fiber, underwent cleaning to remove any lingering impurities. Subsequently, I journeyed to a spinning mill. Imagine being elongated and twisted rapidly! This process converted my short, individual fibers into continuous strands of yarn, wound onto spools. 

From the spinning mill, my path led to a weaving or knitting center. If destined for woven fabric, I would be interlaced with other yarns on a loom, forming a durable and structured textile. If knitting was my fate, I would be looped together with other yarns, creating a more elastic material. Depending on the intended purpose, I might then undergo processing, which could involve whitening through bleaching, imparting color through dyeing, and adding designs through printing. Ultimately, I arrived at a garment factory. Here, skilled artisans used patterns, cutting me into precise shapes and stitching the pieces together with other fabric sections, fasteners, and labels. Following meticulous inspection and packaging, I was prepared for my final destination – a retail space, and ultimately, someone’s closet, ready to be worn and appreciated as a comfortable article of clothing. From a simple boll in a field to a cherished garment – a remarkable evolution!

G Map work.

Question 1.
On an outline map of the world mark any five major industrial centres of the world.
Ans:

Five major industrial centres of the world are :

1. Sydney
2. Chicago
3. Berlin
4. London
5. St. Petersburg

Question 2.
Mark two major centres of IT industries.
Ans:
Bengaluru and Silicon Valley

Question 3.

Mark two major centres of steel production.

Ans:

Singhbhum and Raniganj.

H. Picture Study

Question 1.
This picture shows an industry that cannot be set up in all areas. Why ?
Ans:
Steel industries, like the one pictured with pouring metal, aren’t universally located because they demand:

• Nearby key ingredients: Iron ore, coal, limestone.
• Lots of power and water.
• Good ways to move heavy stuff.
• Plenty of land.
• People with the right skills.

Question 2.

Name the raw materials used in this industry.
Ans:
Iron ore, limestone, manganese and coal.

Let’s Do Something
Take some time out to visit a handicrafts shop nearby. Make a note of the following there :

1. What are the items sold in the shop ?
2. How are these products manufactured ?
3. Where have they come from ?

Ans:
Do it Yourself.