NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
The intricate design of any animal, from the simplest worm to the most complex mammal, is not a random assemblage of parts but a marvel of hierarchical architecture. This concept, known as structural organization, provides a framework for understanding how life builds upon itself, from the microscopic to the macroscopic level, to create a functioning, independent organism. It is a foundational principle in biology that deciphers the blueprint of animal form and function.
The journey of organization begins at the cellular level. Here, the cell stands as the fundamental and absolute unit of life, the smallest entity capable of performing all basic life processes. Animals are multicellular, meaning they are composed of vast communities of these specialized units. However, a cell does not operate in isolation. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 The next tier is the tissue level, where groups of similar cells, along with their non-living matrix, unite to perform a specialized collective task. There are four primary tissue families in the animal kingdom. Epithelial tissues act as protective barriers and secretory surfaces, lining our organs and cavities. Connective tissues, such as bone, blood, and cartilage, provide essential support, bind structures together, and transport materials. Muscular tissue is dedicated to contraction, enabling movement and force generation. Finally, nervous tissue is the communication network, specialized for the rapid transmission of electrical impulses that coordinate bodily activities.
When different tissue types combine to execute a more complex, specific function, they form an organ. An organ is a cooperative structure where each tissue contributes a vital piece to the overall task. Consider the stomach: it is not merely a muscular sac. It is lined with epithelial tissue that secretes digestive juices, surrounded by layers of muscular tissue that churn the contents, and interwoven with nervous tissue that regulates its activity and connective tissue that holds it all together. This collaboration makes the digestion of food possible.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 The coordination continues to a broader scale at the organ system level. Here, multiple organs, often located in different parts of the body, partner to manage a major physiological process essential for survival. For instance, the digestive system is an assembly line involving the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas, each contributing to the common goal of nutrient breakdown and absorption. Similarly, the circulatory system relies on the heart to pump blood, arteries and veins to transport it, and capillaries to facilitate exchange, all working in concert to deliver oxygen and remove waste.
Ultimately, the culmination of this entire hierarchy is the organism level. At this stage, all eleven major organ systems—including the respiratory, nervous, skeletal, and reproductive systems—integrate their functions seamlessly. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Their interdependent activities create a stable internal environment, allowing for growth, response to stimuli, and ultimately, the capacity for independent existence and reproduction. Understanding this layered organization is not merely an academic exercise; it is the key to unlocking the mysteries of anatomy, physiology, and the very behavior that defines an animal’s life.s the specific types of tissues found in animals, their functions, and how they are organized into organs and organ systems. Understanding structural organization is essential for understanding the anatomy, physiology, and behavior of animals.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
Exercise
1. Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
2. Mention the function of the Ureters in frog. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 In the intricate biological systems of the frog, a creature that bridges the gap between aquatic and terrestrial life, the urinary system plays a critical role in maintaining internal balance. Central to this system are the ureters, which perform the vital, though seemingly straightforward, task of conveying urine from the kidneys to the cloaca. However, to fully appreciate the function of the ureters, one must first understand the organs they connect and the unique physiological challenges faced by amphibians.
The journey of waste begins within the paired, dark red kidneys located in the dorsal part of the frog’s body cavity. These organs act as sophisticated filtration plants, constantly processing the blood. They meticulously separate nitrogenous wastes, primarily in the form of urea, and excess ions from the valuable components like proteins and blood cells. They also manage water balance, a particularly complex task for an animal that can absorb water directly through its skin.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 The product of this continuous filtration is urine, a fluid suspension of metabolic wastes and water.
This is where the ureters assume their crucial role. Emerging from the outer edge of each kidney, these two thin, whitish tubes serve as the dedicated plumbing of the excretory system. They are not merely passive conduits. The walls of the ureters contain layers of smooth muscle that undergo rhythmic, wave-like contractions, a process known as peristalsis. This muscular activity actively propels the urine along its path, ensuring a consistent and controlled flow from the kidneys toward the posterior of the animal. Without this active transport, urine could stagnate, leading to potentially dangerous backups and a failure of the excretory process.
The final destination for the urine carried by the ureters is the cloaca, a multipurpose chamber that is a defining feature of amphibians, reptiles, and birds. The term “cloaca” is derived from the Latin word for “sewer,” which aptly describes its function as a common receiving room for multiple bodily systems.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 It is into this chamber that the ureters empty their contents. The cloaca also receives digestive waste from the large intestine and, in females, serves as the passageway for eggs during reproduction. This anatomical arrangement is highly efficient, consolidating several exit functions into a single opening, which is advantageous for an animal with a compact body plan.
From the cloaca, urine is expelled from the frog’s body. In male frogs, the ureters take on an additional, secondary function. They become connected to the reproductive organs and serve as a duct for the passage of sperm, a feature that leads them to be specifically called urinogenital ducts in males. This dual role highlights the interconnectedness of systems within the frog’s anatomy. In females, however, the ureters remain dedicated solely to the transport of urine.
Therefore, while the statement that “the ureters in a frog carry urine from the kidneys to the cloaca” is factually correct, it only tells part of the story. Their function is integral to a larger, coordinated system of osmoregulation and waste removal. They are the essential link between the blood-cleansing action of the kidneys and the final expulsion of waste, operating through active muscular transport to maintain the internal purity necessary for the frog’s survival in its dynamic, dual-habitat life.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
FAQ’s
What is covered in Class 11 Biology Chapter 7?
This chapter explains how different animals are structurally organized, from tissues and organs to complex organ systems.
Why is studying Structural Organisation in Animals important? NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
It helps students understand how animals function, survive, and adapt through specialized tissues and organ systems.
What are the main topics included in Chapter 7?NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7
Key topics include animal tissues, morphology of earthworm, cockroach, and frog, along with their structural features.
How do NCERT solutions help in Chapter 7 preparation?
NCERT solutions provide clear explanations and accurate answers, making it easier to understand concepts and prepare for exams.
Where can I download Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 study materials?
You can download free NCERT solutions and notes for Chapter 7 – Structural Organisation in Animals – from trusted educational websites.
