The Vijayanagar Empire is presented as a powerful Hindu kingdom established in the mid-14th century by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty, initially to resist the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate. The chapter likely details its growth and consolidation under subsequent dynasties like the Saluva, Tuluva (featuring the famous Krishnadevaraya), and Aravidu. Key aspects covered would include its efficient administrative system with a strong central authority and provincial governors, its prosperous economy based on agriculture, trade (including with foreign merchants), and its impressive military strength. The chapter would highlight its rich cultural achievements, particularly in architecture (with its distinctive Dravidian style incorporating Islamic influences, seen in Hampi), literature (Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada), and patronage of arts and learning. The constant conflicts with the Bahmani Sultanate over territorial control of the fertile Raichur Doab would also be a significant focus.
The Bahmani Sultanate is depicted as a powerful Muslim kingdom that emerged in the mid-14th century following a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The chapter would likely trace its establishment by Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah and its subsequent rule by various Sultans. It would discuss their administrative structure, often characterized by rivalries between different groups of nobles (Deccani, Afaqi). The kingdom’s economy, its military strength (including its cavalry), and its patronage of Persian and Urdu literature and architecture (with notable examples in Gulbarga and Bidar) would be highlighted. The chapter would emphasize the Bahmani Sultanate’s continuous struggle for dominance in the Deccan, primarily against the Vijayanagar Empire, focusing on the strategic importance of the Raichur Doab.
Finally, the chapter would likely conclude with the eventual decline and disintegration of both empires. The Bahmani Sultanate fragmented into five independent Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar), while the Vijayanagar Empire weakened after the Battle of Talikota (1565) and gradually declined. The chapter would underscore the significant impact these two kingdoms had on the political, economic, social, and cultural landscape of medieval South India and their lasting contributions to Indian history.
Time To Learn
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. After the death of ________________ the Bahamani kingdom declined.
Ans: Mahmud Gawan
2. The Vijayanagara rulers built the ___________________ .
Ans: Vithalswami temple.
3. The Battle of __________ was fought in 1565.
Ans: Talikota
4. The Vijayanagara empire was founded by _____________ and _____________ .
Ans: Harihara and Bukka Raya.
5. The occupation of __________________ , ______________________________ behind the Bahamani-Vijayanagara conflict.
Ans: Golconda, Konkan coast was the main reason
II. Match Column A with Column B
Ans:
III. State whether the following statements are True or False:
- The battle of Talikota was fought in
False.
The battle of Talikota was fought in 1565.
- Before coming to the Bahamani kingdom, Mahmud Gawan was a Persian merchant.
True.
- The Bahamani rulers fought with the Vijayanagara rulers over the occupation of the Gangetic Doab.
False.
The Bahamani rulers fought with the Vijayanagara rulers over the occupation of the Raichur Doab.
- Nicoli Conti and Abdul Razzak visited the Vijayanagara kingdom as foreign travellers.
True.
IV. Answer the following questions briefly:
Question 1.
Describe briefly the administration of Vijayanagara rulers.
Ans:
The Vijayanagara Empire featured a centralized administration led by the king with ministerial advice. Its territory was structured into provinces, districts, and autonomous villages. A key element was the Nayankara system, where military leaders (Nayaks) governed land in return for military support and payments. Land revenue formed the primary income. The administrative focus was on effective rule and a powerful military.
Question 2.
Why did the Bahamani kingdom break up and what was the result?
Ans:
The Bahmani Kingdom fragmented due to weak successors, rivalry among Deccani and Afaqi nobles, increasing independence of provincial governors, costly wars with Vijayanagara, lack of clear succession laws, and the excessive power of local rulers. This resulted in the rise of five independent Deccan Sultanates: Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Berar, Golconda, and Bidar. These new sultanates reshaped the Deccan’s political landscape, often warring with each other and Vijayanagara, and fostered a unique Deccan culture before eventually being absorbed by the Mughals.
Question 3.
What was the contribution of the Vijayanagara rulers in the development of art and architecture?
Ans:
The Vijayanagara rulers significantly contributed to art and architecture by developing a distinctive style blending South Indian traditions with some Islamic influences. They built magnificent temples with towering Rayagopurams, intricately carved pillars (often with yalis), ornate Kalyana Mandapas, and Amman shrines. Notable examples include the Vittala Temple with its stone chariot and musical pillars, and the Hazara Rama Temple with Ramayana carvings. They also constructed palaces (Lotus Mahal), public buildings (Elephant Stables), and water management systems. Utilizing local granite with elaborate carvings and stucco, their grand constructions in Hampi and elsewhere left a lasting impact on South Indian temple architecture.
Question 4.
Discuss the reasons for the conflict between the Bahamani and Vijayanagara empires.
Ans:
The Bahmani and Vijayanagara empires clashed primarily over control of the fertile Raichur Doab. Both sought territorial expansion and regional dominance, driven by economic interests in fertile lands and trade routes. Political issues like claims of sovereignty and strategic alliances also fueled the conflict. While religious differences existed, the main reasons were largely political and economic, centered on power and resources in the Deccan.
Question 5.
Discuss the achievements of Krishnadev Raya.
Ans:
Krishnadeva Raya’s rule represented the zenith of the Vijayanagara Empire, marked by multifaceted accomplishments. As a formidable military strategist, he led successful campaigns that significantly expanded the empire’s territorial boundaries. His administrative acumen was evident in the efficient governance he established, prioritizing public welfare through measures like tax reforms, agricultural development via irrigation projects, and the promotion of trade. A renowned patron of the arts and literature, his court was graced by luminaries like the Ashtadiggajas, and he himself was a distinguished scholar and author, earning the esteemed title Andhra Bhoja. His contributions to architecture were significant, with the construction of magnificent temples such as the Vittala and Hazara Rama temples, showcasing the grandeur of Vijayanagara artistry. Furthermore, his reign was characterized by religious tolerance, with respect and support extended to various faiths. In summation, Krishnadeva Raya’s legacy is defined by his excellence in military leadership, effective administration, profound cultural patronage, and architectural contributions, solidifying his place as one of India’s most celebrated historical figures.
V. Tell my why!
Question 1.
The Gol Gumbaz is called an architectural wonder.
Ans:
The Gol Gumbaz is an architectural wonder due to its massive, unsupported dome, one of the world’s largest. Its whispering gallery has unique acoustic properties where even whispers travel across the vast space and echoes multiple times. The structure features an intricate design with a large cubic base, impressive minarets, and a blend of Deccan and Persian architectural styles. As a significant historical monument and a testament to 17th-century engineering and acoustics, its scale and unique features justify its reputation as an architectural marvel.
Question 2.
Vijayanagara needed to keep a large army.
Ans:
The necessity for Vijayanagara to maintain a substantial military force stemmed from a confluence of critical factors. The empire was engaged in perpetual conflicts with neighboring powers, most notably the Bahmani and subsequent Deccan Sultanates, necessitating a strong defense and offense. The sheer expanse of its territory, stretching across much of South India, demanded a significant military presence to safeguard its borders against external threats and internal unrest. The ambitions of its rulers to expand their dominion and establish regional supremacy required a potent army capable of successful campaigns. Furthermore, a large military was instrumental in suppressing internal rebellions from powerful Nayaks and local chiefs. The empire’s prestige and influence in the region were directly linked to its military strength, impacting diplomatic relations and trade agreements. Finally, the control and security of vital trade routes and ports along both coasts, essential for economic prosperity and the import of crucial resources like horses, necessitated a robust military capability. In essence, the large army was the linchpin of Vijayanagara’s survival, growth, internal stability, and regional power projection in a politically dynamic environment.
Question 3.
The Krishna-Tungabhadra doab was a much sought-after area.
Ans:
The Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab was highly sought after due to its fertile land for agriculture, valuable economic resources like the Golconda diamond mines, its strategic location providing a buffer and control over routes, and access to trade and commerce. These factors made it a key area of conflict, particularly between the Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdoms, who recognized its vital importance for their wealth and power in the Deccan.
VI. Picture study:
This is a picture of a temple at a capital city:
1.Name the temple.
Ans.
Virupaksha Temple.
2. Name the empire and the capital city where it was built.
Ans.
Vijayanagara empire and Hampi was capital.
3.Who was the greatest ruler of the empire? Mention the name of the book written by him.
Ans.
Krishnadeva Raya was the greatest ruler of the empire. Veera-Saivanruta, Bhava-Chinta-Ratna were the books written by him.
Additional Questions
(The Vijayanagara and Bahamani Kingdomes)
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Vijayanagar was established by two brothers, ___________ and ______________ .
Ans: Harihara and Bukka Rai.
2. The Vijayanagar kingdom which was ruled by ___________ kings, was very powerful for ______ years and became the centre of _________ civilization and culture.
Ans: sixteen , 230 , Hindu
3. The _____________ became a battleground for the prolonged struggle between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms.
Ans: Raichur Doab
2. Each province in the Vijayanagar kingdom was placed under a __________ who was responsible for the administration of that province.
Ans: Governor
3. The two main sources of revenue for the Vijayanagar kingdom were ____________ and trade.
Ans: taxes on land
4. The Bahmani kingdom was established by _______________ . It lasted for about _________ years and was ruled by __________ kings.
Ans: Alauddin Hassan. 200 , eighteen
B. Match the following:
Answer:
C. Choose the correct answer:
1. The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom was Harihara/Bukka Raya I/Krishnadeva Raya.
Ans.
The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar kingdom was Krishnadeva Raya.
2. The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six/nine/eight provinces.
Ans.
The Vijayanagar kingdom was divided into six provinces.
3. The province/village/district was at the bottom rung of the administrative ladder in the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Ans.
The village was at the bottom rung of the administrative ladder in the Vijayanagar kingdom.
4. The Bahmani kingdom reached the height of its glory under the leadership of Mahmud Gawan/Alauddin Bahman Shah/Adil Shah
Ans.
The Bahmani kingdom reached the height of its glory under the leadership of Mahmud Gawan.
5. The Bahmani rulers patronized Hinduism/Buddhism/ Islam.
Ans.
The Bahmani rulers patronized Mam.
D. State whether the following are true or false:
- The founders of the Vijayanagar kingdom brought the whole of South India, from the Tungabhadra to Cape Comorin, under their control.
True.
- The Vijayanagar kingdom had established trade relations with the Dutch.
False.
Correct: The Vijayanagar kingdom had established trade relations with the Portuguese.
- Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the Deccan in the 15th and 16th centuries CE.
True.
- Mahmud Gawan slept on a mat and ate in earthen vessels.
True.
- The Bahmani rulers used Persian and Arabic as court languages.
True.
E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:
1. How did the collapse of the Sultanate impact North India?
Ans.
The Delhi Sultanate’s collapse led to political fragmentation in North India, with numerous independent regional kingdoms emerging, causing instability and warfare. Economic disruption occurred as trade networks and revenue systems changed, though new economic centers also arose. Socially and culturally, regional languages and arts flourished under local patronage, while the established Indo-Islamic cultural legacy persisted. This decentralization ultimately paved the way for the rise of the Mughal Empire.
2. What was Krishnadeva Raya’s contribution to literature and art?
Ans.
Krishnadeva Raya’s reign was a flourishing era for both literary and artistic endeavors. His court was a renowned center of literary excellence, notably hosting the Ashtadiggajas, an esteemed group of eight Telugu poets, ushering in a celebrated period in Telugu literature. His patronage extended across multiple languages, including Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil, and his profound contributions to learning earned him the prestigious title ‘Andhra Bhoja’.
In the realm of art and architecture, Krishnadeva Raya’s impact was equally significant. His reign witnessed the further evolution of the distinctive Vijayanagara architectural style. He commissioned the construction of magnificent temples, including the iconic Vittala Temple, famed for its stone chariot and musical pillars, and the Hazara Rama Temple, adorned with intricate narrative carvings. He also oversaw the construction of towering Rayagopurams, which became characteristic features of South Indian temple complexes. Furthermore, secular structures like the elegant Lotus Mahal and the imposing Elephant Stables in Hampi showcased a harmonious blend of architectural influences. His generous patronage supported a multitude of skilled sculptors and artists who created detailed carvings and portrait sculptures, leaving an enduring legacy of artistic grandeur that defines a high point in South Indian cultural history.
3. What is the significance of the Battle of Talikota?
Ans.
The Battle of Talikota in 1565 decisively defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, ending its dominance in South India. This pivotal event reshaped the Deccan’s political map, led to the tragic destruction of Hampi, and facilitated the rise of new regional powers. It marked a turning point in South Indian history, signifying the decline of the last major independent Hindu kingdom’s resistance to Muslim expansion and impacting trade and culture.
4. What major change was introduced in the village administration of the Vijayanagar kingdom?
Ans.
A key innovation in the Vijayanagara kingdom’s village administration was the establishment of the Mahanayakacharya, a designated imperial official. This role served as a crucial intermediary, connecting the central governing apparatus with the individual village units. The Mahanayakacharya’s responsibilities encompassed the dissemination of royal decrees and policies to the village level, the monitoring and reporting on the operational aspects of village governance, the facilitation of tax and revenue collection for the central authority, and the provision of a channel for villagers to communicate grievances and interact with higher levels of administration. This introduction of a formal link aimed to enhance the integration and oversight of the largely self-governing villages within the wider imperial framework, without fundamentally disrupting their traditional autonomy in local affairs.
5. What measures did the Vijayanagar rulers take to develop agriculture?
Ans.
Vijayanagara rulers developed agriculture by investing heavily in irrigation systems (tanks, canals, dams, anicuts), undertaking land reclamation, promoting efficient water management (aqueducts, weirs), investing in infrastructure (roads), implementing fair revenue policies, and showing royal interest and supervision. These measures aimed to increase arable land, improve water supply, and support farmers, forming the base of their prosperous empire.
6. Why were there no major social or cultural changes in the Vijayanagar kingdom?
Ans.
It’s inaccurate to say there were no major social or cultural changes in Vijayanagara. While Hindu traditions were emphasized and revived, leading to continuity, there were subtle but significant developments. These included the flourishing of vernacular literatures, evolution in temple architecture, some changes in the status of women, potential for social mobility through trade and military service, and a degree of religious syncretism. The period was characterized by continuity with gradual evolution and regional synthesis within a dominant Hindu framework, rather than a lack of change.
7. Give one example to show that the Vijayanagar kings were tolerant and liberal.
Ans.
Vijayanagara kings, like Deva Raya I, employed Muslims in their army and administration, even allowing them to build mosques. This pragmatic inclusion of talent regardless of religion demonstrates their tolerance and liberal outlook.
8. Name any one foreign traveller whose observations are an important literary source of information about the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Ans.
A notable foreign observer whose writings serve as a crucial literary resource for understanding the Vijayanagara kingdom is Domingo Paes. This Portuguese traveller’s visit during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya in the early 16th century yielded a detailed narrative encompassing the city of Vijayanagara, its administrative structures, military organization, economic activities, and social customs. His vivid descriptions offer invaluable insights into the capital’s splendor, its commercial hubs, celebratory events, and the character of the emperor himself.
9.What was the extent of the Bahmani kingdom?
Ans.
At its peak, the Bahmani kingdom stretched across the northern Deccan, from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal, with the Krishna River as its southern border. It included parts of modern-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Goa, controlling fertile lands and key trade routes.
10. Give one example to show that Mahmud Gawan was a patron of learning.
Ans.
A compelling illustration of Mahmud Gawan’s commitment to the advancement of knowledge is his founding of the esteemed Madrasa in Bidar. He personally directed the establishment of this significant educational institution and generously endowed it with an extensive library housing a wealth of valuable manuscripts covering diverse subjects such as theology, jurisprudence, literature, the sciences, and medicine. Furthermore, he actively recruited distinguished scholars and educators from Persia and other centers of Islamic learning to serve as faculty at the Madrasa, thereby transforming it into a prominent hub of intellectual activity within the Deccan region. The Madrasa in Bidar stands as an enduring testament to Mahmud Gawan’s dedication to education and his role as a significant supporter of learning.
F. Answer the following questions briefly:
Question 1.
What did Krishnadeva Raya do to make the Vijayanagar kingdom powerful and prosperous?
Ans:
Krishnadeva Raya strengthened Vijayanagara through military victories that expanded the empire, efficient administration focused on welfare and agriculture, economic policies promoting trade and irrigation, and cultural patronage that fostered art, literature, and a sense of unity. His strong leadership and multifaceted contributions led to a powerful and prosperous kingdom.
Question 2.
Mention two important features of each of the following in the Vijayanagar kingdom: (a) central government (b) provincial government.
Ans:
(a) Central Government:
- Supreme King: Held ultimate authority.
- Council of Ministers: Advised the king.
(b) Provincial Government:
- Autonomous Nayaks: Governed provinces with significant power.
- Tribute and Service: Nayaks paid tribute and provided troops to the center.
Question 3.
Vijayanagar was one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the 15th and 16th centuries Explain.
Ans:
Vijayanagar in the 15th-16th centuries was wealthy due to thriving agriculture from irrigation, extensive inland and international trade, rich mineral resources, an efficient revenue system, and the grandeur witnessed and documented by foreign travelers. Its strong economy was built on productive land, active commerce, valuable resources, and effective financial management.
Question 4.
Describe (a) the importance of trade in Vijayanagar and (b) the position of women in society.
Ans:
(a) Importance of Trade: Vijayanagar’s wealth and global connections thrived on robust inland and international trade, generating royal revenue and fostering urban growth.
(b) Position of Women: Women held respected roles as family members, with some educated and participating in social and even political spheres. However, patriarchal norms limited their freedom, and practices like child marriage existed. Women engaged in diverse occupations and, in some cases, wielded influence, particularly royal women.
Question 5.
Briefly discuss the conflict between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms over the Raichur Doab.
Ans:
The fertile and strategically vital Raichur Doab, located between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, was a major point of contention between Vijayanagar and the Bahmani kingdoms. Both empires repeatedly fought for its control due to its economic and strategic significance, leading to prolonged conflict.
Question 6.
Give an account of the achievements of Mahmud Gawan.
Ans:
Mahmud Gawan was a brilliant Bahmani Prime Minister who significantly expanded the Sultanate through military victories, including control of key ports. He implemented crucial administrative reforms by dividing provinces and reforming revenue collection. A great patron of learning, he established the renowned Madrasa in Bidar with a vast library. He also fostered economic growth through agriculture and trade. Despite his impactful contributions, he was tragically executed due to courtly politics.
Question 7.
What was the actual position of the Bahmani kings in the administrative set-up?
Ans:
Bahmani kings held supreme theoretical authority but their actual power depended on their strength, the influence of powerful ministers like Mahmud Gawan, and the control they had over the often autonomous nobility and provincial governors. Strong rulers held firm control, while weaker ones were often influenced by powerful figures.
Question 8.
What did the Bahmani rulers do to patronize Islam?
Ans:
The Bahmani rulers actively supported Islam by constructing religious and educational institutions such as mosques and the prominent Madrasa in Bidar. They provided patronage to Islamic scholars and Sufi mystics, offered financial support to religious entities, implemented Islamic legal principles for their Muslim subjects, promoted Persian as the language of culture and administration, and publicly observed Islamic festivals.
Question 9.
Why were the sultans of the Deccan easily overpowered by the Mughal emperor of the north?
Ans:
The Mughal emperors easily overpowered the Deccan Sultanates due to their stronger, centralized administration, a superior and better-equipped military, a more robust economic foundation in North India, and a persistent imperial ambition for unification. In contrast, the Deccan Sultanates suffered from internal disunity and frequent conflicts, were weakened after their victory at Talikota, faced internal factionalism, had comparatively smaller economies, and were geographically vulnerable to the persistent Mughal advance. This combination of Mughal strengths and Deccan weaknesses led to the gradual but eventual Mughal conquest of the region.
G Picture study:
This is a picture of the ruins of the capital city of a powerful kingdom in the Deccan which was founded by two brothers.
Question 1.
Identify the city and name the kingdom.
Ans:
Hampi, Vijaynagar kingdom.
Question 2.
Who was the greatest ruler of this kingdom?
Ans:
Krishnadeva Raya.
Question 3.
Mention any five achievements of this ruler.
Ans:
Krishnadeva Raya excelled as a military leader, securing territorial gains and establishing dominance. His effective governance ensured stability and public welfare through sound fiscal policies and agricultural development. The Vijayanagar economy flourished under his reign, fueled by robust trade. A celebrated patron of the arts and literature, his court fostered a golden age of creative expression. His legacy also endures through magnificent architectural marvels that showcase the empire’s grandeur.
Question 4.
Describe briefly the capital city of this kingdom.
Ans:
Vijayanagara, the capital situated along the Tungabhadra River, was a renowned metropolis celebrated by foreign visitors for its splendor and affluence. The city was characterized by formidable defensive structures, a meticulously planned urban layout encompassing thoroughfares and commercial areas, and breathtaking temples such as the Vittala Temple. Its strategic location fostered extensive international trade, attracting merchants from diverse regions. The remnants of its advanced water management infrastructure further attest to the engineering capabilities of the era. Even in its present ruined state, Hampi continues to evoke the past grandeur and economic prosperity of this once-mighty imperial center.
Question 5.
What is the most outstanding feature of the Gol Gumbaz?
Ans:
The Gol Gumbaz’s most outstanding feature is its giant unsupported dome and the whispering gallery inside, where even faint sounds echo clearly across its vast expanse.
