“Struggle for Freedom (II)” typically covers the later and more intense phases of the Indian independence movement, generally from around 1919 to 1947. Here’s a summary of the key events and movements likely discussed:
- Emergence of Mahatma Gandhi: This section would highlight Gandhi’s return to India, his philosophy of Satyagraha (truth force) and non-violent resistance, and his initial movements like Champaran, Ahmedabad Mill Strike, and Kheda Satyagraha, which established him as a mass leader.
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): This was Gandhi’s first large-scale national movement. Causes include the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, and the Khilafat issue. The movement involved boycotts of British goods, institutions, and government services, and promoting Swadeshi and Khadi. Its withdrawal after the Chauri Chaura incident would also be covered.
- Simon Commission and its aftermath: The arrival of the all-British Simon Commission to review constitutional reforms in India, its widespread boycott by Indians, and the resulting protests.
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): This major movement, spearheaded by the Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha), involved open defiance of unjust British laws, particularly the salt tax. It led to widespread arrests, boycotts, and non-payment of taxes, aiming to cripple the British administration.
- Round Table Conferences: These conferences in London attempted to discuss constitutional reforms but largely failed to achieve consensus, highlighting the growing communal divide.
- Government of India Act of 1935: While not granting full independence, this Act was a significant constitutional step, proposing an All-India Federation and granting greater provincial autonomy, which served as a basis for future governance.
- Rise of Revolutionary Nationalism: This section would cover the activities of revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, and Chandrashekhar Azad, who believed in armed struggle to overthrow British rule.
- Quit India Movement (1942): Launched during World War II, this was a spontaneous mass movement demanding immediate British withdrawal from India. It was characterized by widespread protests, strikes, and disruption, with the slogan “Do or Die.”
- Indian National Army (INA): The role of Subhas Chandra Bose and the INA in fighting against the British, primarily with Japanese support, would be discussed.
- Partition and Independence (1947): The final phase, covering the Cabinet Mission Plan, the growing communal tensions, the Mountbatten Plan, and the eventual partition of India into India and Pakistan, leading to independence on August 15, 1947.
In essence, Chapter “Struggle for Freedom (II)” in ICSE Class 8 History chronicles the escalating intensity of the Indian independence movement, marked by Mahatma Gandhi’s mass movements, the growing calls for complete independence, the emergence of revolutionary groups, and the complex political negotiations that ultimately led to the partition of the subcontinent and the end of British colonial rule.
I. Fill in the blanks:
- The Swaraj Party was led by _____________.
Answer:CR. Das and Motilal Nehru
- All India Trade Union Congress was founded by ______________.
Answer:N.M. Joshi in 1920
- The Quit India Movement took place in the year ________.
Answer:1942
- The Congress Socialist Party was formed in __________.
Answer:1934
- The chairman of the Simon Commission was ____________.
Answer:Sir John Simon
- The Congress session of March 1940 was presided over by____________.
Answer: Maulana Abul Kalam Azab
- Subhash Chandra Bose formed the ____________ in 1939.
Answer:Forward Bloc
- “Diii Chalo” and “Jal Hind” were two slogans given to us by ________.
Answer:Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
- Lord Mountbatten came to India in 1947 as _______.
Answer:Viceroy
II. Match the contents of Column A and Column B:
Answer:
III. State whether the following statements are True or False:
- The Charkha was a symbol of progress.
Answer: True. - The Congress participated in the first Round Table Conference.
Answer: False. - The Congress swept the polls in 8 provinces in the 1937 elections.
Answer: True. - Sir Stafford Cripps was an American officer sent to India.
Answer: False. - Netaji started the Quit India movement
Answer: False. - It was because of the British presence in India that the country was made a target for Japanese attack.
Answer:True. - Netaji was the commander of the Indian National Army.
Answer: True. - In 1956, the British government announced its decision to quit India.
Answer: False.
IV. Answer the following questions:
1)Discuss the main aspects of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi, was a crucial chapter in India’s fight for freedom. Its essence lay in peaceful defiance and disengagement from British control. The movement encouraged Indians to boycott British institutions like schools, courts, and foreign goods, and to give up titles and government positions. A strong emphasis was placed on “Swadeshi,” promoting local products like khadi to foster self-reliance. Gandhi strictly upheld non-violence (Ahimsa), even when provoked. This period saw the Indian National Congress evolve into a widespread movement, drawing in diverse groups including farmers, laborers, and women. The ultimate goal was to compel the British to grant Swaraj (self-rule) by making governance untenable without Indian collaboration. Although the Chauri Chaura incident led to its suspension, the movement profoundly ignited national spirit and set the stage for subsequent independence efforts.
2)How and when did the Civil Disobedience Movement start? How did the government suppress it?
Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement started with Gandhi’s Dandi March on March 12, 1930, protesting the British salt tax. Along with 78 followers, he broke the salt law, sparking mass protests. The British banned the Congress and arrested leaders, but people continued boycotts, refusing taxes, and defying British laws. The movement showed strong resistance against colonial rule.
3)Why did the Congress pass the Quit India Resolution? How did the government react to it?
Answer:The Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in August 1942 primarily due to a culmination of factors:
- Failure of the Cripps Mission: The British Cripps Mission in March 1942 failed to offer a satisfactory plan for India’s independence, leading to widespread disillusionment and a feeling that negotiations were futile. The proposals offered only limited self-governance after the war, which was unacceptable to the Indian leadership.
- Impact of World War II: With the Japanese rapidly advancing towards India’s eastern borders, there was a growing fear that British presence in India would invite an invasion. Mahatma Gandhi believed that India’s safety lay in the immediate withdrawal of the British.
- Economic Hardships: The war led to severe economic distress in India, including rising prices, shortages of essential goods, and increased taxation, causing immense suffering and discontent among the population.
- Growing Nationalist Sentiment: Decades of struggle and the increasing desire for complete independence had intensified nationalist feelings across the country.
Government Reaction:
The British government reacted swiftly and brutally to the Quit India Resolution. Within hours of the resolution’s passing and Gandhi’s “Do or Die” call, almost the entire leadership of the Indian National Congress, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel, were arrested and imprisoned without trial.
The government declared the Congress an unlawful association and resorted to severe repression to crush the movement. This included:
- Mass Arrests: Tens of thousands of people were arrested, with official figures reporting over 100,000 arrests by the end of 1942.
- Violence and Force: The police and military used brutal force to suppress protests, including lathi charges, firing on crowds, and even aerial bombing in some instances.
- Censorship: The press was heavily censored, and communication networks were disrupted to prevent the spread of information and coordination among protestors.
- Punitive Measures: Rebellious villages faced harsh penalties, including collective fines and mass floggings.
Despite the severe repression, the Quit India Movement demonstrated the widespread desire for independence among the Indian people and highlighted that British rule could no longer continue without the consent of Indians.
4)Discuss the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Answer:In essence, this Act aimed to establish an All-India Federation with a bicameral legislature, though voting rights were severely restricted to a mere 14% of the population. The federal legislature held limited power, with crucial areas like defense and foreign affairs remaining under the Viceroy’s direct control, who also exercised special authority over other subjects.
A significant change was the introduction of provincial autonomy, empowering ministers responsible to provincial assemblies to manage most administrative departments. However, this autonomy was significantly curtailed by the Governors’ extensive powers, including the right to veto legislation, legislate independently, and retain full control over civil services and the police. Both the Viceroy and Governors were British government appointees, accountable solely to London.
5)Why did India accept the partition proposal even though it did not accept the two-nation theory?
Answer:India, while firmly rejecting the two-nation theory that proposed Hindus and Muslims were separate nations, ultimately accepted the partition proposal due to a confluence of pressing circumstances. Primarily, escalating communal violence across the subcontinent, particularly the Direct Action Day riots, made it clear that a united India might devolve into civil war. The Congress leadership, though deeply committed to a unified nation, felt compelled to accept partition as a last resort to avoid further bloodshed and achieve independence from British rule. The sheer intensity of communal strife and the British government’s push for a quick transfer of power left them with little practical alternative.
6)Discuss the contribution of INA in the freedom struggle.
Answer:The Indian National Army (INA), led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, played a crucial, though unconventional, role in India’s fight for independence. Despite military setbacks like the Imphal-Kohima offensive, its influence went far beyond the battlefield.
The INA became a powerful symbol of armed resistance against British rule, challenging the idea that non-violence was the only path to freedom and inspiring many, especially young people, towards direct action. Bose’s leadership and slogans like “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom” ignited strong nationalist feelings among Indians globally.
Notably, the INA fostered remarkable unity among Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, who fought together as Indians, directly countering the British “divide and rule” strategy.
The INA’s existence and the subsequent Red Fort Trials deeply impacted British morale. The trials transformed the accused into national heroes, sparking widespread public protests and revealing the wavering loyalty within the British Indian Army. This fear of disaffection and potential mutinies among Indian soldiers was a key factor in the British decision to expedite India’s independence.
Furthermore, the creation of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, an all-women combat unit, empowered women and showcased their significant contributions to the freedom struggle.
In essence, while the INA’s military successes were limited, its psychological and political impact was immense. It galvanized national sentiment, undermined British authority by eroding the loyalty of their Indian forces, and ultimately accelerated India’s independence.
7)Discuss the main clauses of the Indian Independence Act of 1947.
Answer:The Indian Independence Act of 1947 paved the way for India’s liberation from British control, officially creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan on August 15, 1947. Pakistan’s territory was defined to include Sind, Baluchistan, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and East Bengal, with all other areas becoming part of India.
Effective from the date of independence, the British government ceded all authority over these new dominions, granting complete power to their respective Assemblies. The position of Viceroy was eliminated, replaced by a separate Governor-General for each new nation. Both India and Pakistan’s Constituent Assemblies were given the freedom to create their own constitutions and determine whether they wished to remain part of the British Commonwealth.
Until new constitutions were drafted, the 1935 Government of India Act would govern both dominions and their provinces. The Act vested full legislative authority in each new dominion, and the British King’s power to veto laws was transferred to the Governor-General. Additionally, princely states were given the option to join either dominion or declare independence. The Governor-General was authorized to make amendments to the 1935 Act until March 31, 1948. The Act also dissolved the office of the Secretary of State for India and mandated that agreements with the tribes in the North-West Frontier Province would be handled by the respective dominion.
V. Picture study : Look at the picture given below.
1)Which conference is in progress?
Answer: The image depicts one of the Round Table Conferences held in London. The formal setting, with British officials in suits and Indian delegates in traditional attire, clearly indicates a high-level discussion between Indian representatives and the British government. These conferences, held between 1930 and 1932, aimed to address constitutional reforms and advance Indian self-governance, bringing together diverse participants from Indian political parties, princely states, and minority groups, alongside British political figures.
2)When and where was this conference held?
Answer: The Round Table Conferences (1930–32) were a series of three meetings in London organized by the British government to discuss India’s constitutional reforms. They brought together Indian political leaders, princely state representatives, and British officials to negotiate India’s future governance. The talks aimed at finding a consensus but faced challenges due to differing views on issues like representation and minority rights.
3)Who were the main participants in this conference?
Answer: The image likely depicts a session of the Round Table Conferences, which were held in London between 1930 and 1932.
The main participants in these conferences were:
- British Government Representatives: Including members of the Labour, Conservative, and Liberal parties.
- Indian Political Parties and Groups: Such as the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, liberals, Sikhs, Parsis, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans, landlords, labor representatives, women’s representatives, and universities.
- Representatives of the Princely States.
- The Indian National Congress: Although they largely boycotted the first and third conferences, Mahatma Gandhi notably attended the second one.
Essentially, it was a diverse gathering of British officials and various Indian political leaders and representatives aiming to discuss constitutional reforms for British India.
4)What was the result of this conference?
Answer: The image captures a moment from the Round Table Conferences (1930-1932) in London, where British officials, Indian political parties, and princely states debated India’s constitutional future. While the conferences didn’t immediately secure self-rule, they were significant for bringing diverse Indian voices to the table. A key outcome was the Government of India Act of 1935, which proposed an “All-India Federation,” granted provinces more autonomy, and expanded the electorate, laying groundwork for future democratic structures. However, the conferences also intensified communal divisions, especially regarding minority representation, foreshadowing the eventual partition of India. Mahatma Gandhi’s involvement in the Second Conference underscored its symbolic importance, even if it didn’t resolve fundamental disagreements. Ultimately, these conferences, despite their limitations, were pivotal in shaping India’s independence movement and its constitutional journey.
Additional Questions
EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks:
- Gandhi spent about 22 years in _________as a practicing lawyer.
Answer:South Africa
- Under ______ leadership, the Indian national movement was transformed into a mass movement.
Answer:Gandhiji
- To protest against the arrest of their leaders, a public meeting was held at __________ in Amritsar in the year 1919.
Answer:Jallianwala Bagh
- After the British brutalities in Amritsar, Gandhiji declared that it would be a ____________.
Answer:sin to co-operate with the satanic government
- At the _______ session of the Congress in 1929, _________. was declared as its goal.
Answer:Lahore,Poorna Swaraj
B. Match the following:
Answer:
C. Choose the correct answer:
1. Gandhiji studied law in England/South Africa/France.
Answer: Gandhiji studied law in England.
2. Gandhiji organized a workers strike against the exploitative Indian mill owners in Ahmedabad/Kheda/Champaran.
Answer: Gandhiji organized a workers strike against the exploitative Indian mill owners in Ahmedabad.
3. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji in 1920/1930/1940.
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji in 1920.
4. A resolution declaring ‘Poorns Swaraj’ was declared as its goal at the Lahore/Surat/Bombay session of the Congress.
Answer: A resolution declaring ‘Poor Swaraj was declared as its goal at the Lahore session of the Congress.
5. The Non-Copperation Movement/Civil Disobedience Movement/ Quit India Movement was started with the Salt Satyagraha in 1930.
Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement was started with the Salt Satyagraha in 1930.
D. State whether the following are true or false:
- Gandhiji did not have faith in the capacity of the common masses.
Answer: False. Gandhiji has immense faith in the capacity of the common masses. . - In 1919, General Dyer had issued an order banning all public meetings.
Answer: True. - The Non-Cooperation Movement had ended in failure after the Chauri Chaura incident.
Answer: True. - Independence Day was celebrated on 26 January in 1930.
Answer: True. - Sarojini Naidu was one of the leaders of the Civil disobedience Movement
Answer: True.
E. Answer the following questions in one or two words/ sentences:
1)What technique of resistance did Gandhiji evolve in South Africa? What was its basic principle ?
Answer:In South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi developed Satyagraha, a method of nonviolent resistance. Rooted in “truth force” or “soul force,” it used love and self-suffering to combat injustice, seeking to change the oppressor’s heart rather than force their hand.
2)Why did Gandhiji lead campaigns in
(a) Champaran (b) Kheda ?
Answer:Gandhiji led campaigns in Champaran and Kheda to address severe injustices faced by peasants:
(a) Champaran: In 1917, he intervened in Champaran, Bihar, where British planters forced local farmers to cultivate indigo under the oppressive “Tinkathia system.” This system compelled peasants to grow indigo on a portion of their land and sell it at unfairly low prices, leaving them in dire poverty and unable to grow food crops. Gandhi’s campaign aimed to abolish this exploitative system and secure fair compensation for the farmers.
(b) Kheda: In 1918, Gandhi led a Satyagraha in Kheda, Gujarat, where farmers were suffering from widespread crop failure due to drought and a plague epidemic. Despite these calamities, the British government insisted on collecting full land revenue, refusing any remission. Gandhi encouraged the peasants to withhold revenue payments until their demands for tax relief were met, advocating for their right to remission during times of distress.
3)Which incident marked the end of the Non-Cooperation Movement and when?
Answer:The Non-Cooperation Movement ended suddenly on February 4, 1922, following the Chauri Chaura incident. A peaceful demonstration escalated into violence, resulting in a police station fire and several officer deaths. Mahatma Gandhi, staunchly dedicated to non-violence, halted the movement on February 12, 1922, believing it had strayed from its central tenet of ahimsa.
4)Under whose leadership was the Lahore session of the Congress held in 1929? What resolution was passed in this session?
Answer:The 1929 Lahore session of the Congress was held under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru.
In this pivotal session, the Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) resolution was passed. This declaration formally shifted the Indian National Congress’s goal from seeking dominion status within the British Empire to demanding absolute independence from British rule. It also called for the observance of January 26, 1930, as “Independence Day,” and authorized the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
F. Answer the following questions briefly:
1)With reference to Gandhiji, discuss his views on the following:
(a) Truth and non-violence
(b) Hindu-Muslim unity
(c) Social justice
Answer: (a) For Mahatma Gandhi, “Truth” (Satya) was more than just factual correctness; he considered it the ultimate reality, equivalent to God. He believed striving for truth was humanity’s most noble pursuit. “Non-violence” (Ahimsa) was the essential method to achieve this truth. It extended beyond avoiding physical harm, encompassing deep, active love and empathy for everyone, including one’s opponents. Gandhi viewed non-violence as a potent catalyst for change, capable of disarming adversaries and appealing to their conscience more effectively than aggression. He stressed that the methods were as vital as the goals, asserting that only pure methods (non-violence) could yield pure results (truth and justice).
(b) Mahatma Gandhi, a devout Hindu, profoundly believed in the equality of all faiths and saw Hindu-Muslim unity as essential for India’s future. He dedicated his life, ultimately sacrificing it, to fostering this communal harmony.
(c)Mahatma Gandhi was a staunch advocate for social justice, believing it was inseparable from political freedom. He dedicated himself to uplifting the impoverished and marginalized, empowering women, and improving the lives of ‘Harijans’—his term for the lower caste ‘untouchables.’ Gandhi relentlessly challenged societal prejudices and sought to transform public mindset, emphasizing that true independence necessitated deep-rooted social reforms.
2)In the context of the Jalliamvala Bagh tragedy, answer the following:
(a) Why was a public meeting held in Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April 1919?
(b) Why did the troops open fire on the gathering? What happened as a result of the shooting?
(c) How did the entire nation and Gandhiji react to the events in Amritsar?
Answer:(a) The Rowlatt Act of 1919 ignited widespread anti-British sentiment, particularly in Punjab. This culminated in the horrific Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13, 1919. General Dyer ordered troops to fire on a peaceful, unarmed crowd protesting in Amritsar, after blocking the sole exit, resulting in a brutal slaughter.
(b) On April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, unarmed and peaceful individuals gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, unaware of General Dyer’s ban on public assemblies. Dyer, the military commander, arrived with troops, sealed the sole exit, and ordered his soldiers to fire on the crowd. The massacre ceased only when ammunition ran out, leaving approximately 400 dead and over 1,000 wounded.
(c)The implementation of martial law in Punjab, marked by widespread humiliation and torture, profoundly impacted India. The horrific Jallianwala Bagh massacre, coupled with subsequent inhumane treatment, deeply shocked the nation. This brutality shattered Mahatma Gandhi’s faith in the British government, leading him to declare cooperation with such a “Satanic” regime a “sin.”
3)In the context of the Non-Cooperation Movement, answer the following questions:
(a) Discuss the programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(b) Why did Gandhiji abruptly suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(c) State the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:(a)The Non-Cooperation Movement involved a comprehensive boycott strategy against British institutions and goods. Participants refused foreign products, withdrew from government schools, colleges, courts, and legislative bodies, and shunned elections and official functions. A key element was also the renunciation of all British titles and honors.
(bIn early 1922, violence erupted in Chauri-Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, when villagers, angered by police firing on a procession, torched a police station, killing twenty-two officers. In direct response to this tragic incident, Mahatma Gandhi promptly called off the ongoing movement.
(c) The Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922), spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, marked a pivotal period in India’s fight for freedom. This movement championed non-violent resistance against British rule, encouraging Indians to boycott British goods, embrace local crafts, and uphold Indian values. It was during this time that Gandhi’s principles of ahimsa (non-violence) and his remarkable ability to mobilize vast numbers of ordinary citizens for independence truly came to the fore on a national scale.
4)In the context of the Civil Disobedience Movement, answer the following:
(a) Give an account of the Salt Satyagraha.
(b) How did the government react to the movement?
(c) What impact did the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) have on the nation?
Answer:(a)Mahatma Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha with his Dandi March, walking 385 km from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. His symbolic act of collecting salt openly defied the British salt law, sparking widespread civil disobedience. Across India, countless individuals replicated his actions, illegally producing and selling salt to challenge the oppressive British monopoly.
(b) The government met the movement with severe repression. Key leaders like Gandhiji and Nehru were arrested, and widespread violence, including lathi charges and police firing, resulted in hundreds of casualties and injuries. Over 90,000 individuals were incarcerated.
(c)Civil Disobedience involves the deliberate, open refusal to comply with specific laws or government demands, typically through non-violent resistance. It’s a method utilized by individuals and groups to oppose perceived unjust laws. India notably employed civil disobedience in several well-documented non-violent movements to achieve its goals.
G Picture study:
1.Identify the person.
Answer: The image shows Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn on a charkha, a powerful symbol of his philosophy and the Indian independence movement. This act promoted self-reliance (swadeshi) and economic independence from British rule, urging Indians to boycott foreign goods by producing their own khadi cloth. Gandhi’s simple lifestyle and daily spinning were a non-violent political statement against exploitation, reflecting his commitment to social justice. The charkha, particularly with Gandhi, represents his enduring legacy of non-violent resistance and dedication to economic and social justice.
2.What method did he use in the Indian struggle for freedom?
Answer: The image shows Mahatma Gandhi, a central figure in India’s freedom struggle, who advocated Satyagraha, a philosophy of “truth-force” rooted in non-violence (ahimsa) and civil disobedience. Instead of violent rebellion, Gandhi championed moral persuasion and passive resistance. His methods included non-cooperation (e.g., boycotting British goods and institutions, tax refusal), civil disobedience (deliberately breaking unjust laws, as seen in the 1930 Salt March), strikes, hartals, and peaceful demonstrations. Beyond resistance, he also promoted a “constructive program” focusing on self-sufficiency (Khadi), social reform, and unity. Gandhi’s approach was revolutionary, shifting the struggle from physical might to moral authority, ultimately pressuring the British and inspiring global civil rights movements.
3.What are the principles on which his method is based?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi’s “Satyagraha” was a method of struggle rooted in “truth” (satya) and “eagerness” (agraha), emphasizing truth and non-violence. It aimed to change the opponent’s heart through the satyagrahi’s suffering and patience, rather than destroying them, ultimately seeking their transformation and enlightenment.
4.Why is he called the leader of the masses?
Answer: The image reflects Mahatma Gandhi’s transformative impact on India’s independence movement. Gandhi, believing in the power of ordinary people, shifted the nationalist struggle from an elite concern to a mass movement. Through principles like Satyagraha and Ahimsa, he mobilized millions across all social strata. His campaigns, such as the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements (including the Salt March), engaged people in direct acts of defiance like boycotts and tax refusal, promoting self-reliance (Swadeshi) and empowering them to challenge British rule. Gandhi’s leadership fostered an inclusive movement, drawing in women, farmers, and marginalized communities, while also emphasizing social reform alongside political freedom. His vision of “Swaraj” — true self-rule encompassing moral and socio-economic liberation — ultimately led to India’s independence.
5.Mention the features of his non-violent struggle against the British.
Answer: The image likely depicts a scene related to Mahatma Gandhi and his non-violent resistance movement in India. Key aspects of this movement included:
- Peaceful demonstration: Emphasizing non-violence in protests.
- Defiance of unjust British laws: Openly breaking laws deemed unfair.
- Boycott: Refusing British goods, institutions, and services.
- Charkha and Khadi: Promoting self-reliance and local goods through spinning and hand-woven cloth.
- Non-payment of oppressive taxes: A strategy to disrupt government functioning.
